Insurance Training & Education Trust v Gathondu (As Administrator of the Estate of the Late Thumbi Kariuki) & 5 others (Application E019 of 2025) [2025] KESC 58 (KLR) (5 September 2025) (Ruling)

Insurance Training & Education Trust v Gathondu (As Administrator of the Estate of the Late Thumbi Kariuki) & 5 others (Application E019 of 2025) [2025] KESC 58 (KLR) (5 September 2025) (Ruling) Neutral citation: [2025] KESC 58 (KLR) Republic of Kenya In the Supreme Court of Kenya Application E019 of 2025 MK Koome, CJ, MK Ibrahim, SC Wanjala, N Ndungu & I Lenaola, SCJJ September 5, 2025 Between Insurance Training & Education Trust Applicant and Joseph Ndung’u Gathondu (As Administrator of the Estate of the Late Thumbi Kariuki) 1st Respondent Jane Wanjiru Ndumia 2nd Respondent Joseph Ndung’u Gathondu 3rd Respondent Rajab Ahmed Karume 4th Respondent The Chief Land Registrar 5th Respondent The Attorney General 6th Respondent (Being an application for review of the Ruling of the Court of Appeal in Nairobi (Karanja, Mohammed & Korir, JJ. A), delivered on 20th June 2025 in Civil Application (Sup) No. E015 of 2024 denying certification and leave to appeal to the Supreme Court under Article 163(4)(b) of the Constitution) Requirements for certification of an appeal to the Supreme Court as Involving matters of general public importance _The applicant sought the review of the ruling of the Court of Appeal declining to certify the intended appeal to the Supreme Court as constituting a matter of general public importance and declining to grant leave the applicant leave to file the appeal. The court reiterated that for a case to be certified as one involving a matter of general public importance, the intending appellant must satisfy the court that the issue to be canvassed on appeal was one the determination of which transcended the circumstances of the particular case, and had a significant bearing on the public interest._ Reported by Kakai Toili **_Civil Practice and Procedure_** _– appeals – appeals to the Supreme Court – appeals involving matters of general public importance – what were the requirements for the certification of an appeal to the Supreme Court as involving matters of general public importance – Constitution of Kenya, article 63(4)(b)._ Brief facts At the Environment and Land Court, the applicant claimed title to the suit property based on an informal transfer from the initial allottee, which had been sanctioned by the Commissioner of Lands. The Environment and Land Court upheld the applicant’s title as lawful and ordered rectification of a deed plan error. However, on appeal, the Court of Appeal overturned that decision, holding that the initial allottee had not perfected the allotment prior to the transfer, that the deed plan relied on by the applicant related to a different property and that the 4th respondent held a valid title to the property.Aggrieved, the applicant filed an application to the Court of Appeal seeking the certification of its intended appeal to the Supreme Court as constituting a matter of general public importance and leave to file the intended appeal. The Court of Appeal declined to grant the orders sought thus the applicant filed the instant application for review. Issues What were the requirements for the certification of an appeal to the Supreme Court as involving matters of general public importance? Held 1. For a case to be certified as one involving a matter of general public importance, the intending appellant must satisfy the court that the issue to be canvassed on appeal was one the determination of which transcended the circumstances of the particular case, and had a significant bearing on the public interest. 2. The applicant had not concisely and satisfactorily identified any issue, the determination of which would transcend the circumstances of the matter at hand to justify a review of the Court of Appeal’s ruling denying certification. The applicant had not raised any substantial question of law, the determination of which would have a significant bearing on the public interest. _Application dismissed; the ruling of the Court of Appeal delivered on June 20, 2025 denying leave to appeal to the court was upheld._ Orders _Costs of the application to be borne by the applicant._ Citations **Cases**** _Kenya_** 1. _Asanyo & 3 others v Attorney-General_ Petition 7 of 2019; [2020] KESC 62 (KLR) - (Mentioned) 2. _Bell v Moi & another_ Application 1 of 2013; [2013] KESC 23 (KLR) - (Applied) 3. _Dhanjal Investments Limited v Kenindia Assurance Company Limited_ Civil Application 39 of 2014; [2016] KESC 15 (KLR) - (Mentioned) 4. _Kidero & 4 others v Waititu & 4 others_ Petition 18 & 20 of 2014 (Consolidated); [2014] KESC 11 (KLR) - (Mentioned) 5. _Megvel Cartons Limited v Diesel Care Limited & 2 others_ Application E008 of 2023; [2023] KESC 24 (KLR) - (Mentioned) 6. _Outa v Okello & 3 others_ Petition 6 of 2014; [2017] KESC 25 (KLR) - (Mentioned) 7. _Shah & 7 others v Mombasa Bricks & Tiles Ltd & 5 others_ Application 3 (E008) of 2022; [2022] KESC 25 (KLR) - (Mentioned) 8. _Steyn v Ruscone_ Application 4 of 2012; [2013] KESC 11 (KLR) - (Applied) 9. _Torino Enterprises Limited v Attorney General_ Petition 5 (E006) of 2022; [2023] KESC 79 (KLR) - (Mentioned) **Statutes**** _Kenya_** 1. Constitution of Kenya articles 163(4)(b)(5); 164 - (Interpreted) 2. Supreme Court Act (cap 9B) sections 3, 3A, 15(1); 15B(1)(b); 21 - (Interpreted) 3. Supreme Court Rules, 2020 (cap 9B Sub Leg) rules 32, 33(2)(3) - (Interpreted) Advocates _Mr Kenvine Ouma_ for the applicant._Mr Peter Muchoki_ for the 4th respondent._Mr Motari Matunda (_ for the 5th and 6th respondents. Ruling Representation:Mr. Kenvine Ouma for the applicant (TripleOKLaw LLP)No appearance for the 1st, 2nd and 3rd respondentsMr. Peter Muchoki for the 4th Respondent(Ahmednasir Abdullahi Advocates LLP)Mr. Motari Matunda for the 5th and 6th respondents(State Law Office) 1.Upon perusing the motion dated June 27, 2025 and filed on July 1, 2025 under articles 163(4)(b) & (5) of the [Constitution](/akn/ke/act/2010/constitution), sections 3, 3A, 15(1), 15B(1)(b) and 21 of the [Supreme Court Act](/akn/ke/act/2011/7), 2011 and rules 32, 33(2) and (3) of the [Supreme Court Rules, 2020](/akn/ke/act/ln/2020/101/eng@2022-12-31), seeking to review the ruling of the Court of Appeal (Karanja, Mohammed & Korir, JJA) delivered on June 20, 2025, declining to certify the intended appeal to this Court against the judgment of the Court of Appeal delivered on June 14, 2025 in Civil Appeal No. E505 of 2020; certify the intended appeal as constituting a matter of general public importance and grant leave to the applicant to file an appeal to this court; and costs; and 2.Upon considering the applicant’s grounds on the face of the application, the supporting and supplementary affidavits both sworn by Dr Ben Kajwang’ on June 27, 2025 and July 21, 2025 respectively, wherein the litigation history is set out in detail and contended that the Court of Appeal erred in law in; applying a different threshold to ascertain the root of the titles held by the contesting parties; imposing onerous registration obligations to the applicant; failing to grant certification and leave to file the intended appeal on the raised page 2 of 7 public interest questions; disregarding the established principle of priority of the first in time title in the case of competing lawful registrations; upholding the 4th respondent’s title and disregarding the applicant’s without examining and affirming the legal root of the 4th respondent’s title; and departing from this court’s finding in [Torino Enterprises Limited v Attorney General](/akn/ke/judgment/kesc/2023/79) [2023] KESC 79 (KLR) as a result creating legal uncertainty; and 3.Upon further considering the questions of general public importance advanced by the applicant, to wit; whether the jurisdiction of the Court of Appeal under article 164 of the Constitution, as a first appellate court extends to a determination of questions that were not pleaded by the parties and not subject to evidence or determination by the superior court; whether the Supreme Court decision in [Torino Enterprises Ltd. v Hon. Attorney General](/akn/ke/judgment/kesc/2023/79) rendered on September 22, 2023 applies retrospectively to informal transfers entered into with the approval of the Commissioner of Lands and titles issued conferring interest in property long before the decision was made; whether public land that has been allocated and titles issued can be validly allocated to a third party before the invalidation of the first allotment; whether a letter of allotment is predicated on the life of the allottee and lapses upon his death; whether an admitted error in a Deed Plan Number can vitiate a regular allocation, compliance with the terms therein and issuance of a grant; and whether expert witnesses are required to prove a claim of forgery where the alleged signatory or maker of the document has appeared in court and personally denied having executed the same; and 4.Upon considering the applicant’s submissions dated June 27, 2025 and rejoinder submissions dated July 21, 2025, restating the grounds set out in the affidavits and in addition urging that the application meets the principles for grant of certification established in [Hermanus Phillipus Steyn v Giovanni Gnecchi-Roscone](/akn/ke/judgment/kesc/2013/11), (Application No 4 of 2012) (2013) KESC 11 (KLR) (Hermanus). It is submitted that the issues raised transcend the litigation interests of the parties, have significant implications for public institutions, landowners, and the administration of land justice in the country, and have a bearing on the public interest. The applicant emphasizes that the Court of Appeal’s assumption of jurisdiction over unpleaded matters was a jurisdictional error, which this court has inherent powers to rectify. It cites the decisions in [Asanyo & 3 others v Attorney-General](/akn/ke/judgment/kesc/2020/62) [2020] KESC 62 (KLR) and [Outa v Okello & 3 others](/akn/ke/judgment/kesc/2017/25) 2017] KESC 25 (KLR). Furthermore, it urges that the retrospective application of this court’s decisions, particularly in land transactions, transcends the interest of the parties herein. To this end, the applicant relies on [Dhanjal Investments Limited v Kenindia Assurance Company Limited](/akn/ke/judgment/kesc/2016/15) [2016] KESC 15 (KLR) and [Shah & 7 others v Mombasa Bricks and Tiles Ltd & 5 others](/akn/ke/judgment/kesc/2022/25) [2022] KESC 25 (KLR); and 5.Further, noting the 5th and 6th respondents’ submissions dated July 14, 2025 in support, to the effect that the applicant has raised legal questions of public interest requiring certification, that is, whether the jurisdiction of the Court of Appeal as the first appellate court extends to unpleaded questions which are not the subject of evidence by the parties in a trial court; whether the Court of Appeal can rely on unpleaded issues to overturn a trial court; allocation of public land; the impact of a declaration that letters of allotment cannot be transferred until perfected; and the validity of a letter of allotment after the demise of the holder/allottee. To support this assertion, they cite this court’s decisions in [Asanyo & 3 others v Attorney-General](/akn/ke/judgment/kesc/2020/62) [2020] KESC 62 (KLR) an[d ](/akn/ke/judgment/kesc/2017/25)[Outa v Okello & 3 others](/akn/ke/judgment/kesc/2017/25) 2017] KESC 25 (KLR); and 6.Upon reading and considering the 4th respondent’s replying affidavit and submissions, both dated July 9, 2025 in opposition, to the effect that the application does not raise legal questions which transcend the facts and circumstances of the parties; and does not demonstrate substantial points of law whose determination would have a significant bearing on the public interest. It is also the 4th respondent’s submission that a pure case of competing titles, as is in the present case, cannot be advanced to this court. It relies on this court's decision in [Megvel Cartons Limited v Diesel Care Limited & 2 others](/akn/ke/judgment/kesc/2023/24) (Application E008 of 2023) [2023] KESC 24 (KLR). Furthermore, it is urged that the Court of Appeal, acting as a first appellate court, has jurisdiction to re-evaluate the evidence before the trial court as well as the judgment and arrive at its conclusion; the doctrine of stare decisis is applicable as conclusively determined by this court in [Kidero & 4 others v Waititu & 4 others](/akn/ke/judgment/kesc/2014/11) (Petition 18 &20 of 2014 (Consolidated)) [2014] KESC11 (KLR) and [Asanyo & 3 others v Attorney General](/akn/ke/judgment/kesc/2020/62) (Petition 7 of 2019) [2020] KESC 62 (KLR); and 7.Bearing in mind the facts which precipitated the dispute over Land Reference No 209/10210 Bellevue (the suit property), the subject of the intended appeal, and the decisions of the superior courts; more particularly, the ELC holding (Obaga, J) to the effect that the applicant’s title was lawful and regular, as it had been issued pursuant to an allotment informally transferred by the initial allottee with the consent of the Commissioner of Lands. Further bearing in mind the trial court’s order directing the 5th respondent and the Survey Department to rectify any mistake on the deed plan held by the applicant and to effect proper entries in the register; 8.Noting on the other hand, the Court of Appeal’s (Kiage, Ali-Aroni & Achode JJA) determination that the applicant’s title was irregular because the initial allottee had not perfected the allotment before transferring it to the applicant; the deed plan held by the applicant was not for the suit property, but property located in Kiambu, and could not form the basis of its claim; the grave errors and irregularities that afflict the applicant’s title cannot be imputed to a mistake; and that the 4th respondent held a valid title to the suit land; 9.Guided by the principles enunciated by this court in [Hermanus Phillipus Steyn](/akn/ke/judgment/kesc/2013/11) (supra) and [Malcolm Bell v Daniel Toroitich Arap Moi & another](/akn/ke/judgment/kesc/2013/23), SC Appl No 1 of 2013 [2013] eKLR;“..for a case to be certified as one involving a matter of general public importance, the intending appellant must satisfy the court that the issue to be canvassed on appeal is one the determination of which transcends the circumstances of the particular case, and has a significant bearing on the public interest.” 10.Having considered the decisions of the superior courts, the totality of the pleadings, affidavits, and rival arguments by the parties, We now opine as follows:i.The applicant has not concisely and satisfactorily identified any issue, the determination of which would transcend the circumstances of the matter at hand to justify a review of the Court of Appeal’s ruling denying certification.ii.The applicant has not raised any substantial question of law, the determination of which would have a significant bearing on the public interest;iii.The questions raised, such as the scope of jurisdiction of the Court of Appeal under article 164 of the [Constitution](/akn/ke/act/2010/constitution) as a first appellate court, the place of unpleaded issues and the application of the law of established precedent, particularly in the Torino decision, are matters long settled in law. The other issues raised are specific to the circumstances of the parties in this case;iv.Ultimately, we find no basis upon which to interfere with the Court of Appeal’s conclusion that the proposed issues do not meet the threshold set out in [Hermanus](/akn/ke/judgment/kesc/2013/11) (supra) and [Malcolm Bell](/akn/ke/judgment/kesc/2013/23) (supra). 11.Accordingly, we make the following orders:(i)The originating motion dated June 27, 2025 and filed on July 1, 2025 is hereby dismissed.(ii)The ruling of the Court of Appeal delivered on June 20, 2025 denying leave to appeal to this court is hereby upheld.(iii)The costs of this application shall be borne by the applicant.It is so ordered. **DATED AND DELIVERED AT NAIROBI THIS 5 TH DAY OF SEPTEMBER, 2025.****...............................****M. K. KOOME****CHIEF JUSTICE & PRESIDENT OF THE SUPREME COURT****...............................****M. K. IBRAHIM****JUSTICE OF THE SUPREME COURT****...............................****S. C. WANJALA****JUSTICE OF THE SUPREME COURT****...............................****NJOKI NDUNGU****JUSTICE OF THE SUPREME COURT****...............................****I. LENAOLA****JUSTICE OF THE SUPREME COURT** I certify that this is a true copy of the original.**REGISTRAR****SUPREME COURT OF KENYA** *[KESC]: Supreme Court of Kenya *[ELC]: Environment and Land Court *[eKLR]: electronic Kenya Law Reports