Legal Advice Centre t/a Kituo Cha Sheria v Attorney General (Advisory Opinion Reference E001 of 2023) [2024] KESC 15 (KLR) (12 April 2024) (Ruling)

Legal Advice Centre t/a Kituo Cha Sheria v Attorney General (Advisory Opinion Reference E001 of 2023) [2024] KESC 15 (KLR) (12 April 2024) (Ruling) Neutral citation: [2024] KESC 15 (KLR) Republic of Kenya In the Supreme Court of Kenya Advisory Opinion Reference E001 of 2023 PM Mwilu, DCJ & VP, MK Ibrahim, SC Wanjala, N Ndungu & I Lenaola, SCJJ April 12, 2024 IN THE MATTER OF AN APPLICATION BY KITUO CHA SHERIA FOR AN ADVISORY OPINION UNDER ARTICLE 163(6) OF THE CONSTITUTION Between Legal Advice Centre t/a Kituo Cha Sheria Applicant and Attorney General Respondent Non-governmental organizations do not have the locus standi to invoke the Supreme Court’s advisory opinion jurisdiction _The applicant (a non-governmental organisation) filed the instant reference seeking to invoke the Supreme Court’s advisory opinion jurisdiction. The court noted that the only parties who may apply for an advisory opinion were; the National Government; a State organ; or any county government with respect to any matter concerning county governments. The court thus held that the applicant did not fall within any of the bodies that may approach the court for an advisory opinion._ Reported by Kakai Toili **_Jurisdiction_** _– jurisdiction of the Supreme Court – jurisdiction to render advisory opinions – parties with the requisite locus standi to invoke the Supreme Court’s jurisdiction to render advisory opinions - whether a non-governmental organization had the locus standi to invoke the Supreme Court’s advisory opinion jurisdiction – Constitution of Kenya, 2010, articles 163(6), 259(1) and 260; Supreme Court Act, Cap 9B, sections 12, 13 and 13A._ Brief facts The applicant filed the instant reference seeking to invoke the Supreme Court’s advisory opinion jurisdiction pursuant to the provisions of article 163(6) of the Constitution. The respondent filed a notice of preliminary objection arguing that the applicant, being a non-governmental organization, was not the National Government, a State organ, or county government as provided for under the provisions of article 163(6) of the Constitution and, therefore, lacked _locus standi_ to initiate the reference or be heard on the same as a party. Issues Whether a non-governmental organization had the _locus standi_ to invoke the Supreme Court’s advisory opinion jurisdiction.**** Held 1. The court’s jurisdiction to give an advisory opinion was provided for in article 163(6) of the Constitution. The only parties who may apply for an advisory opinion were; 1. the National Government; 2. a State organ; or 3. any county government with respect to any matter concerning county government. 2. In the case of _In the Matter of Interim Independent Electoral Commission_ , Constitutional Application No. 2 of 2011, [2011] eKLR, the court set out the guidelines for the exercise of the its advisory-opinion jurisdiction. They were: 1. For a reference to qualify for the Supreme Court’s advisory-opinion discretion, it must fall within the four corners of article 163(6): it must be a matter concerning county government. The question as to whether a matter was one concerning county government, would be determined by the court on a case-by-case basis. 2. The only parties that could make a request for an advisory opinion were the National Government, a State organ, or county government. Any other person or institution may only be enjoined in the proceedings with leave of the court, either as an intervener (interested party) or as _amicus curiae_. 3. The court would be hesitant to exercise its discretion to render an advisory opinion where the matter in respect of which the reference had been made was a subject of proceedings in a lower court. However, where the court proceedings in question had been instituted after a request had been made to the court for an advisory opinion, the court may if satisfied that it was in the public interest to do so, proceed and render an advisory opinion. 4. Where a reference had been made to the court the subject matter of which was also pending in a lower court, the court may nonetheless render an advisory opinion if the applicant could demonstrate that the issue was of great public importance and requiring urgent resolution through an advisory opinion. In addition, the applicant may be required to demonstrate that the matter in question would not be amenable to expeditious resolution through an adversarial court process. 3. Since the issuance of the judgment in _In the Matter of Interim Independent Electoral Commission_ , Constitutional Application No. 2 of 2011, [2011] eKLR in 2011, the Supreme Court Rules had since been changed and disallowed even interested parties as interveners or parties in a reference matter for advisory opinion. 4. Article 260 of the Constitution defined what a State organ was. A State organ was defined as a commission, office, agency or other body established under the Constitution. The applicant did not fall within any of the bodies that may approach the court for an advisory opinion. Neither had the applicant been proposed by a person who had filed a reference in accordance with rule 50 of the Supreme Court Rules nor had the court admitted them to enjoin a filed reference. They could not also be allowed to join as an interested party. 5. Article 259(1) of the Constitution provided that the Constitution shall be interpreted in a manner that; - 1. promoted its purposes, values and principles; 2. advanced the rule of law, and the human rights and fundamental freedoms in the Bill of Rights; 3. permitted the development of the law; and 4. contributed to good governance. 6. In essence, the Constitution ought to be construed holistically and in a manner that did not destroy any other constitutional provision, that was to say, in a complementary manner. It, however, would create a total state of anarchy in the judicial system if any person could approach the court for an advisory opinion based purely on the fact that they were the people and in so doing, disregarded the provisions, procedures and safeguards contained both in statute and the Constitution. 7. While the High Court had unlimited original jurisdiction in criminal and civil proceedings as per article 165(3)(a) of the Constitution, the parameters of the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court, were not as unlimited and were clearly set out in article 163 of the Constitution and sections 12, 13 and 13A of the Supreme Court Act, Cap 9B of the Laws of Kenya. The court could not arrogate jurisdiction to itself where the same was not expressly conferred. The applicant had no _locus_ before the court. _Notice of preliminary objection allowed; reference struck out and dismissed._ Orders _Applicant to bear the costs of the reference._ Citations **Cases**** _Kenya_** 1. _Council of Governors & 47 others v Attorney General & 6 others_ Reference 3 of 2019; [2019] KESC 65 (KLR) - (Mentioned) 2. _In the Matter of Interim Independent Electoral Commission_ Constitutional Application 2 of 2011; [2011] KESC 3 (KLR) - (Mentioned) 3. _In the Matter of the Interim Independent Electoral Commission (Applicant)_ Constitutional Application 2 of 2011; [2011] KESC 1 (KLR) - (Mentioned) 4. _In the Matter of the National Gender and Equality Commission_ Reference 1 of 2013; [2014] KESC 42 (KLR) - (Mentioned) 5. _In the Matter of the National Gender and Equality Commission_ Reference 1 of 2013; [2014] KESC 42 (KLR) - (Mentioned) 6. _In the Matter of the Principle of Gender Representation in the National Assembly and the Senate_ Advisory Opinions Application 2 of 2012; [2012] KESC 5 (KLR) - (Mentioned) 7. _Kenya National Commission on Human Rights v Attorney General; Independent Electoral & Boundaries Commission & 16 others (Interested Parties)_ Advisory Opinion Reference 1 of 2017; [2020] KESC 54 (KLR) - (Mentioned) 8. _Okoiti & another v Attorney General & another_ Petition 29 of 2020; [2021] KESC 28 (KLR) - (Mentioned) **Texts** Garner, BA., Black, HC., (Ed) (2014), _Black’s Law Dictionary_ St Paul, Minnesota: Thomson Reuters 8th Edn**Statutes**** _Kenya_** 1. Constitution of Kenya articles 37, 163(6); 165(3)(a); 259(1); 260 - (Interpreted) 2. Supreme Court Act (cap 9B) sections 3A, 12, 13, 13A - (Interpreted) 3. Supreme Court Rules (cap 9B Sub Leg) rules 50(1); 51(1)(2)(5) - (Cited) Advocates _Dr John Khaminwa_ and _John Mwariri_ for the applicant _Mr. Emmanuel Bitta_ for the respondent Ruling A. Introduction 1.The applicant, by way of Reference No. E001 of 2023 and dated May 31, 2023, seeks to invoke the Supreme Court’s Advisory Opinion Jurisdiction pursuant to the provisions of article 163(6) of the [Constitution](/akn/ke/act/2010/constitution). 2.The applicant seeks an advisory opinion from this court on the following questions:a.Whether there is a limitation to exercise the rights under article 37 of the [Constitution](/akn/ke/act/2010/constitution);b.Under what circumstances can this right provided for under article 37 of the [Constitution](/akn/ke/act/2010/constitution) be invoked;c.Whether states can interfere with the right to freedom of assembly;d.In the event of executing the right under article 37 of the [Constitution](/akn/ke/act/2010/constitution), who should be held liable for losses and damages to property;e.Whether the police play any role regarding article 37 in case the demonstrations lead to destruction of property, injuries and death;f.Whether the Bill of Rights under Chapter 4 of the [Constitution](/akn/ke/act/2010/constitution) (in particular freedom to demonstrate) should be enjoyed by some citizens at the expense of others;g.Whether there is need for reasonable restrictions to protect public safety, national security, public order or the rights and freedoms of others;h.Whether there is need to balance the interest of protestors and the interest of the public;i.Whether courts and legal authorities can engage in a balancing exercise to weigh the rights of assembly, demonstration, picketing and petition against competing interests;j.Whether violence, destruction of property and disruption of public order can lead to legal consequences;k.Whether there is legal recourse for violations of the rights to assembly, demonstration, picketing and petition. 3.The respondent filed a Notice of Preliminary Objection dated July 21, 2023 arguing that the applicant, being a Non-Governmental Organization, is not the National Government, a State organ, or County Government as provided for under the provisions of article 163(6) of the [Constitution](/akn/ke/act/2010/constitution) and, therefore, lacks locus standi to initiate the reference or be heard on the same as a party. 4.That question raised in regard to locus standi of a party goes directly to the issue of whether the Court has jurisdiction to hear this matter. It is therefore imperative that this court should settle this question at the onset before moving forward with the hearing of the reference itself. B. Preliminary Objection: Submissions Respondent: 5.The Attorney General (AG) filed his submissions on October 26, 2023. Mr. Bitta learned counsel for the AG observed that this court has, on numerous occasions, rendered itself on who can seek an advisory opinion; that this court has previously clarified what a State organ is and that the applicant had not made out a case for departure from those decisions. In view of the fact that the applicant is a Non-Governmental Organization and describes itself as such, it ipso facto fell outside the categories laid out in article 163(6) of the [Constitution](/akn/ke/act/2010/constitution). 6.Counsel further cited the case of [In the Matter of the National Gender and Equality Commission, SC Reference No. 1 of 2023;](/akn/ke/judgment/kesc/2014/42) [2014] eKLR where we held that a party moving the court under article 163(6) of the [Constitution](/akn/ke/act/2010/constitution) must have locus standi. The court further held that it must, at the first instance, consider whether the party moving it falls within the categories of parties recognized as having locus standi by the [Constitution](/akn/ke/act/2010/constitution). 7.Counsel further cited the cases of [Okoiti & another v Attorney General & another, SC Petition 29 of 2020](/akn/ke/judgment/kesc/2021/28); [2021] KESC 28 (KLR) and [Re Matter of the Interim Independent Electoral Commission](/akn/ke/judgment/kesc/2011/1), SC Constitutional Application No. 2 of 2011; [2011] eKLR in support of their case. The Applicant: 8.Learned Counsel for the applicant, Dr. Khaminwa, submitted that the court’s jurisdiction to issue Advisory Opinions stems from article 163(6) of the [Constitution](/akn/ke/act/2010/constitution). He cited section 3A of the [Supreme Court Act](/akn/ke/act/2011/7) No. 7 of 2011 to the effect that the court has powers to make such directions as may be necessary for the administration of justice. 9.He further submitted that the power lies with the people of Kenya and the applicant was relying on the people; that indeed the National and County Governments referred to under article 163(6) of the [Constitution](/akn/ke/act/2010/constitution) are made up of the people of the Republic of Kenya. He emphasized that it is a person that is provided for under the concept of National Government, County Government and State organ and that, therefore, the applicant was before the court as a person, under the umbrellas of national government, county government and state organ. Counsel further submitted that the court ought not to confine itself to the strict provisions set out, but should adopt a broad interpretation that confers locus standi on the applicant. 10.Counsel quoted the definition of state as captured under the [Black’s Law Dictionary, Eighth Edition](https://www.worldcat.org/title/blacks-law-dictionary/oclc/877371635) at page 1443 which is as follows:“The political system of a body of people who are politically organized, the system of rules by which jurisdiction and authority are exercised over such a body of people.” 11.Further, according to the [Black’s Law Dictionary, Eighth Edition](https://www.worldcat.org/title/blacks-law-dictionary/oclc/877371635) at page 715, government is defined as follows:“The structure of principles and rules determining how a state or organization is regulated.2.The sovereign power in a nation or state.3.An organization through which a body of people exercised political authority, the machinery by which sovereign power is expressed.” 12.The Court was also referred to the definition of county government according to the [Black’s Law Dictionary](https://www.worldcat.org/title/blacks-law-dictionary/oclc/877371635), 8th Edition at page 377.“The largest territorial division for local government within a state, generally considered to be a political subdivision and a quasi-corporation. Every county exists as a result of a sovereign act of legislation, either constitutional or statutory, separating it from the rest of the state as an integral part of its territory and establishing it as one of the primary divisions of the state for purposes of civil administration.” 13.Counsel urged that a narrow interpretation of the court’s jurisdiction to issue advisory opinions would pose a challenge on the constitutional doctrine of ripeness that prohibits a party from approaching the Court before they are subjected to any form of prejudice. In support of this, he relied on Luis Franceschi et al, the [Constitution of Kenya](/akn/ke/act/2010/constitution), A Commentary, wherein it is opined:“However, the Supreme Court’s mandate to give advisory is not as straightforward as it sounds as the Supreme Court will have to determine who is entitled to seek an advisory opinion, the subject matter of the advisory opinion and the effect of an advisory opinion. A question of contention with regard to the advisory opinion jurisdiction of the Supreme Court in the initial period of the implementation of the [Constitution](/akn/ke/act/2010/constitution) arose on whether the Supreme Court’s advisory jurisdiction is constrained to devolved government or was it to be constrained broadly. A general concern about reading the Supreme Court advisory jurisdiction broadly is that it will present difficulties for the constitutional doctrine of ripeness. The rationale for the doctrine of ripeness is to prevent a party from prematurely approaching a court when the party has not been subjected to prejudice.” 14.Counsel drew comparative analysis from India where the president is allowed to, and can refer a question of public importance to the Supreme Court. Once a determination is made, the Supreme Court thereafter reports to the president with its opinion. It was urged that a reference of the president is a reference to the people. In support of this assertion, Counsel invited the Court to consider the publication by V.D. Kulshreshtha’s Landmarks in Indian Legal and Constitutional History. 15.Further, counsel was of the view that jurisdiction can be conferred by necessity; that the court ought to construe its jurisdiction broadly in a manner that will promote the values, purposes and principles of the [Constitution](/akn/ke/act/2010/constitution), the rule of law and human rights. 16.He therefore urged the court to consider that the applicant’s complaint stemmed from allegations of violations of human rights, destruction of property and crimes, which could not be ignored. 17.From the pleadings and submissions by the parties, we formulate a singular issue for determination by this court: Whether the applicant has the requisite locus standi to seek an advisory opinion from the court? C. Analysis 18.The court’s jurisdiction to give an advisory opinion is provided for in article 163(6) of the [Constitution](/akn/ke/act/2010/constitution), which states:“(6)The Supreme Court may give an advisory opinion at the request of the national government, any State organ or any county government with respect to any matter concerning county government.”Similarly, section 13 of the [Supreme Court Act](/akn/ke/act/2011/7), No. 7 of 2011 reads as follows:(1)The Court may give an advisory opinion under article 163(6) of the [Constitution](/akn/ke/act/2010/constitution) at the request ofa.the national government;b.a State Organ; orc.a county government with respect to a matter concerning the county government.Therefore, the only parties who may apply for an advisory opinion are, the National Government; a State organ; or any County Government with respect to any matter concerning county government. 19.As submitted by the respondent’s counsel, the court has previously pronounced itself on this question in many cases. For instance, [In the Matter of Interim Independent Electoral Commission, Constitutional Application No. 2 of 2011](/akn/ke/judgment/kesc/2011/3); [2011] eKLR pars.35, 36 & 83: [In the Matter of the Principle of Gender Representation in the National Assembly and the Senate](/akn/ke/judgment/kesc/2012/5), Advisory Opinion No. 2 of 2012; [2012] eKLR, pars. 7: [Kenya National Commission on Human Rights v Attorney General; Independent Electoral & Boundaries Commission & 16 others (Interested Parties)](/akn/ke/judgment/kesc/2020/54) Advisory Opinion Reference No. 1 of 2017; [2020] eKLR, pars. 41 & 42: and [In the Matter of the National Gender and Equality Commission](/akn/ke/judgment/kesc/2014/42) Reference No. 1 of 2013; [2014] eKLR. 20.In the case of [In the Matter of Interim Independent Electoral Commission](/akn/ke/judgment/kesc/2011/1), Constitutional Application No. 2 of 2011; [2011] eKLR, this court set out the guidelines for the exercise of the its advisory-opinion jurisdiction. They are:“(83)With the benefit of the submissions of learned counsel, and of the comparative assessments recorded herein, we are in a position to set out certain broad guidelines for the exercise of the Supreme Court’s Advisory-Opinion jurisdiction.i.For a reference to qualify for the Supreme Court’s Advisory-Opinion discretion, it must fall within the four corners of article 163(6): it must be ‘a matter concerning county government.’ The question as to whether a matter is one ‘concerning county government’, will be determined by the court on a case-by-case basis.ii.The only parties that can make a request for an Advisory Opinion are the national government, a State organ, or county government. Any other person or institution may only be enjoined in the proceedings with leave of the court, either as an intervener (interested party) or as amicus curiae.iii.The court will be hesitant to exercise its discretion to render an Advisory Opinion where the matter in respect of which the reference has been made is a subject of proceedings in a lower Court. However, where the Court proceedings in question have been instituted after a request has been made to this Court for an Advisory Opinion, the Court may if satisfied that it is in the public interest to do so, proceed and render an Advisory Opinion.iv.Where a reference has been made to the court the subject matter of which is also pending in a lower Court, the Court may nonetheless render an Advisory Opinion if the applicant can demonstrate that the issue is of great public importance and requiring urgent resolution through an Advisory Opinion. In addition, the applicant may be required to demonstrate that the matter in question would not be amenable to expeditious resolution through an adversarial court process. 21.It is noteworthy to point out that since the issuance of the above Judgment in 2011, the Rules of this court have since been changed and now disallow even interested parties as interveners or parties in a reference matter for advisory opinion. Rules 50(1) and 51(1), (2) and (5) of [Supreme Court Rules 2020](/akn/ke/act/2011/7) now read and state as follows:“50(1)The national government, state organ or a county government may make a request for an advisory opinion and briefly state the question upon which advice is sought.…..51.(1)A person filing a reference may propose that the courtmay consider admitting any other person to participate in the reference.2.Despite sub-rule (1) the courtmay on its own motion identify any other person to participate in the reference.…..(5)Any application for joinder as interested party in a reference shall not be allowed.” 22.Article 260 of the [Constitution](/akn/ke/act/2010/constitution) defines what a State organ is. A State organ is defined as “a commission, office, agency or other body established under the [Constitution](/akn/ke/act/2010/constitution).” Suffice it to say, the applicant does not fall within any of the bodies that may approach the court for an advisory opinion. Neither has the applicant been proposed by a person who has filed a reference in accordance with rule 50 nor has the court admitted them to enjoin a filed reference. They cannot also be allowed to join as an interested party. 23.On adopting a broader interpretation of this court’s jurisdiction, Dr. Khaminwa urged the courtnot to confine itself to the provisions of the law. He also argued that the applicant was a person therefore falling under the umbrella of the national government, State organ and/or county government since they are also made of people. 24.In answer to this, we refer to the guidelines of constitutional interpretation as postulated under article 259(1) of the [Constitution](/akn/ke/act/2010/constitution). It provides as follows:This Constitution shall be interpreted in a manner that-a.promotes its purposes, values and principles;b.advances the rule of law, and the human rights and fundamental freedoms in the Bill of Rights;c.permits the development of the law; andd.contributes to good governance. 25.This court has on a number of occasions rendered itself on what ought to be considered when interpreting the [Constitution](/akn/ke/act/2010/constitution). In essence, the [Constitution](/akn/ke/act/2010/constitution) ought to be construed holistically and in a manner that does not destroy any other constitutional provision, that is to say, in a complementary manner. It, however, goes without saying that it would create a total state of anarchy in the judicial system if any person could approach this court for an advisory opinion based purely on the fact that they are ‘the people’ and in so doing, disregard the provisions, procedures and safeguards contained both in statute and the [Constitution](/akn/ke/act/2010/constitution). 26.Learned counsel further invited us to declare that jurisdiction can be conferred out of necessity. There is a plethora of authorities on jurisdiction. Jurisdiction flows from the [Constitution](/akn/ke/act/2010/constitution), statute law or by principles laid out in judicial precedent. See [In the Matter of Interim Independent Electoral Commission](/akn/ke/judgment/kesc/2011/1), (supra). In an application by the Council of Governors for an Advisory Opinion, [Council of Governors v Attorney General& 7 Others, SC Reference No 2 of 2017](/akn/ke/judgment/kesc/2019/65); [2019] eKLR we were called upon to answer whether the applicant, Council of Governors, is a State Organ within the provisions of article 260 of the [Constitution](/akn/ke/act/2010/constitution) so as to be clothed with the locus standi to seek an advisory opinion before this court. In declining to do so, despite concerted argument by COG and Katiba Institute to liberally interpret the [Constitution](/akn/ke/act/2010/constitution) and exercise our discretion to render an Advisory opinion, we held as follows:“(55)Hence we find that the definition of a State Organ under article 260 to include agency or other body established under this Constitution, does not cover the applicant. It is thus clear that the applicant is not a commission, office, agency or body established under the [Constitution](/akn/ke/act/2010/constitution). The constituting statute is the IRA which by any definition cannot grant the applicant constitutional credentials.” 27.In the same manner, we are not persuaded that the applicant herein has the requisite locus standi. While the High Court has unlimited original jurisdiction in criminal and civil proceedings as per article 165(3)(a) of the [Constitution](/akn/ke/act/2010/constitution), the parameters of the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court, are not as unlimited and are clearly set out in article 163 of the [Constitution](/akn/ke/act/2010/constitution) and sections 12, 13 and 13A of the [Supreme Court Act](/akn/ke/act/2011/7), Cap 9B of the Laws of Kenya. We cannot arrogate jurisdiction to ourselves where the same is not expressly conferred. We therefore find the applicant has no locus before this court and the reference as filed must be dismissed. As for costs, the settled principle is that they should follow the event. D. Orders 28.Consequently, we make the following orders:i.The respondent’s Notice of Preliminary Objection dated July 21, 2023 is hereby allowed.ii.The applicant’s Reference dated May 31, 2023 is hereby struck out and dismissed.iii.The applicant shall bear the costs of this reference.Orders accordingly. **DATED AND DELIVERED AT NAIROBI THIS 12 TH DAY OF APRIL 2024**.**………………………………………………****P.M. MWILU****DEPUTY CHIEF JUSTICE & VICE PRESIDENT OF THE SUPREME COURT****………………………………………………****M.K. IBRAHIM****JUSTICE OF THE SUPREME COURT****………………………………………………****S.C. WANJALA****JUSTICE OF THE SUPREME COURT****………………………………………………****NJOKI NDUNGU****JUSTICE OF THE SUPREME COURT****………………………………………………****I. LENAOLA****JUSTICE OF THE SUPREME COURT** That I certify this as a true copy of the original**REGISTRAR****SUPREME COURT OF KENYA** *[AG]: Attorney General *[eKLR]: electronic Kenya Law Reports *[KLR]: Kenya Law Reports *[COG]: Council of Governors