Rajabu Mussa vs Rahma Selemani (Civil Appeal 92 of 1997) [1998] TZHC 2027 (6 August 1998)

IN T H E H T C H C O U R T O F T A N Z A N I A AT. P A R F.S S A L A A M civil, a p p e a l n o . ( )/’ o f m ? (O r ia irin t i nu f r o m RM C iv i I C a s e No. 232 of 1994 of K i s u l u R e s i d e n t M a g i s t r a t e s C o m . I.. D a r e s S a l a a m ) R A J A B U M U S S A ................ .............................A P P E L L A N T V E R S U S R A H M A S F L E M E N T .......................................... D E F E N D A N T J U D O M E N T K A L E H K Y A , J . R a j a b u M u s s a , A p p e l ] ant., d i s s a t i s f i e d w i t h the d e c i s i o n of lilt; K i s u l u R e s i d e n t M.iu ir ,I r a1 e 1 m Court ( L o n y w a y , PRM) w h i c h u p h e l d R a h m a S e l e m a n i ' s c l a i m for d e l i v e r y a n d p o s s e s s i o n of h o u s e No. 37 Wa.i.l.es Street, b u i l t on plot. No. .150 B l o c k 'H',. D a r es S a l a a m , h a s c o m e to t h i s c o u r t a r m e d w i t h 4 g r o u n d s of A p p e a l n a m e l y - that t h e r e is no agreement, s h o w i n g t h a t he s o l d the r e l e v a n t h o u s e except. I hat he p l e d g e d it. as s e c u r i t y for shs. 1 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 / = b e i n g the p u r c h a s e p r i c e of a m o t o r v e h i c l e w h i c h s u m w a s to be l i q u i d a t e d t h r o u g h c o l l e c t i o n of h o u s e r ents; t h a t he had o f f e r e d I lie h o u s e to I.lie Respondent., R a h m a , for shs. 8 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 / = s u p p l e m e n t e d w i t h a " K i b a n d a " s o m e w h e r e e l s e w h i c h h a v e n e v e r b e e n g i v e n lo him; lhal he didn't, k n o w the s i g n i f i c a n c e of the s i g n a t u r e he a f f i x e d on d o c u m e n t s at; the C h a n g ' o m b e P o l i c e Slat ion u n d e r p o l i c e d u r e s s a n d that, the a g r e e m e n t b e t w e e n t h e m c o n c e r n e d a m o t o r v e h i c l e a n d n o t h o u s e as e x e m p l i f i e d by the fact that the R e s p o n d e n t s t i l l p o s s e s s e s the M o t o r V e h i c l e R e g i s t r a t i o n c a r d b e c a u s e the d e b t of shs. 1 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 / = h a s nt5f. b e e n f u l l y paid. He is s u r p r i s e d t h a t h i s h o u s e h a s to be p o s s e s s e d by the R e s p o n d e n t w h e n c o n d i t i o n s of their a g r e e m e n t h a v e not. f u l l y b e e n c o m p l i e d with.

'Dip Fespondeivi'- s u e d t he A p p e l l a n t for ilfilivfit y anrl DoPSPSfiion of h o u s e No . 37. prpft f>d on plot No. 150 R l o c k "FT", w h i c h he c l a i m e d I n h a v e b o ught f torn I lie A p p e l l a n t d m 2 9 t h M a r c h , 1 9 ( M find Ioi w h i c h lie o b l a i n e d Til Ie d e e d No. W h e n I he A p p e l l a n t w a p u s h e d into d e f e n c e he i•<)iin I e r ed !>v r e f n t iny t he e x i s t e n c e of a n y sncli r?ale q u a I i f v i n y it. h o w e v e r by fin e x p Ianal ion I hat he h ad bought a K IA m ' w K e y is1 . 1 a t,ion No. T S C 2 8 5 6 f r o m PI a int. i f f Y R e s p o n d e n f at. 1,000,000./ = ; p l e d g e d t he r e l e v a n t h o u s e as a .security a n d on c o n d i t i o n that the m o n t h l y reril p a y m e n t t h e r e f r o m , t;n be c o l l e c t e d by P 1a i n t .i f f .Responden t , w a s l.o d e f r a y s u c h debt, uni il il.fi I iqu ida t io n . Me kidded h o w e v e r I hat lal.er he d i d h a v e s o m e d is c u s s ion w i t h R e s p o n d e n t c o n c e r n i n g the p o s s i b i l i t y of the l a t t e r p u r c h a s i n g t he s a i d h o u s e u p o n fulfilment, of c e r t a i n c o n d i t i o n s , t h a t n e v e r t h e l e s s I.lie t r a n s a c t ion n e v e r s a i l e d t h r o u g h a l t h o u g h at. o n e point, he w a s f o r c e d lo s i g n s o m e doeiimenls b e f o t e the [jo lice. Ho i n s i s t e d that I he a l i e n e d I il le d e e d w.is a pr o d u c t of f r a u d a nd forg e r y . Tn r e s p o n s e the Respondent, m a i n t a i n e d t h a t t h e r e w e r e t w o d i f f e r e n t a g r e e m e n t s b e t w e e n h er a nd A p p e l l a n t . O n e c o n c e r n e d a motor v e h i c l e for w h i c h I lie p u r c h a s e pt ic e , shs. 1 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 / = , w a s fu l l y find i m m e d i a t e l y p a i d after ex e cu I ion, a nd the other s o m e I ime laler, c o n c e r n i n g s a I e of the d i s p u t e d h o u s e . T h e R e s p o n d e n t A.Pl.a int: i f f c a l l e d 2 w i t n e s s e s a p a r t f r o m h e r s e l f ; M o h a m e d I s m a i l , A d v o c a t e (PW1) a n d F a u z T w a l i b , A d v o c a t e (PW.l).while the A p p e 1 1ant.\DefendanI c a l l e d . ' 1 w i t n e s s e s , Vincent. C h a n d e n d a (DW2) a nd M a u l i d i Fddi (DW4) b o t h h i s t e n a n t s a nd R a s h i d J u m a Kaherna, h i s n e i g h b o u r , apart: f r o m h i m s e l f . U p o n h e a r i n g the p a r t i e s a nd t h e i r w i t n e s s e s I,tie trial C o u r t b e l i e v e d I he p l aint i f f NRespondent. a nd h i s w i t n e s s e s a n d d e c i d e d in h i s f a v o u r . T h e trial c o u r t o b s e r v e d a n d c o n c l u d e d t h a t t.here w e r e two s e p a r a t e s a l e a g r e e m e n t s b e t w e e n the p a r t i e s - • o ne t e n d e r e d as Rxh, PI , d a t e d 1 r > I h D e c e m b e r , 1993, in r e s p e c t of the 2

mol or v e h i c l e , a nd u n r e l a t e d t o t he o t h e r t e n d e r e d as exh. P2. d a t e d 2 9 t 1 1 Ma rch , 1 994 . in respect. of the d i s p u t e d h o u s e . B e f o r e I.hi.s court. I lie Appellant, d e f e n d e d h i m s e l f w h i l e Mr. M s e l e m , A d v o c a t e , w h o all a l o n g a d v o c a t e d f or R e s p o n d e n t , m a i n t a i n e d s a m e r e p r e s e n t a t i v e c a p a c i t y . T h e A p p e l l a n t p r e s e n t e d h is m e m o r a n d u m of a p p e a l in K i s w a h i I i in the f o r m T h a v e t r a n s l a t e d a n d p a r a p h r a s e d a b o v e a n d w h i c h he a d o p t e d w i t h o u t a d d i t ions (except, a n s w e r iny a quest, ion by I lie c o m I ) , i l I he hear imi ol this a p p e a l , w h i l e Mr. M s e l e m a r g u e d t h a t Exh. P'2, t r a n s f e r a g r e e m e n t , w a s n e v e r c o n t r a d i c t e d , a n d n e i t h e r c o u l d .itbe v a r i e d b y oral a g r e e m e n t as t h a t w o u l d be c o n t r a r y to s. 1 0 0 (1 ) a n d 101. of t he E v i d e n c e A c t - c i t i n g Hal fan v Ki: c h w a (198 0 ) TI,R, .109; t h a t t he c r e d i b i l i t y of w i t n e s s e s as f o u n d by (tie trial court, cannot, be f a u l t e d ; that Rxh. PI d o e s n ot r e f e r to a n y r e n t or’ t e n a n t s h e n c e w a s a s e p a r a t e a g r e e m e n t ; t h a t the A p p e l l a n t ' s 2 n d g r o u n d of a p p e a l i n v o l v i n g s h s . 8 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 / = is an a f t e r - t h o u g h t as it w a s n o t i n c l u d e d in the p l e a d i n g s n o r w a s a n y e v i d e n c e o f f e r e d in its r e g a r d ; that, t he t h i r d g r o u n d can't, h a v e a b a s e b e c a u s e A p p e l l a n t d i d not s h o w a n y e v i d e n c e t h a t he w a s e v e r a r r e s t e d by the p o l i c e nor d i d lie b o t h e r lo s h o w w h i c h of the agreement, w a s he a l l e g e d l y f o r c e d to si g n ; that if the a l l e g a t i o n s c o n c e r n i n g r e n t to d e f r a y the p u r c h a s e p r i c e w e r e t r u e the A p p p l l a n t w o u l d h a v e d i s c l o s e d h o w m u c h so far has b e e n p a i d ; t h a t the R e g i s t r a t i o n c a r d of the in\v is si ill in the h a n d s of the R e s p o n d e n t b e c a u s e t h e A p p e l l a n t r e f u s e d to l a k e it. on s e c o n d t h o u g h t s - c a l l i n g S. 20 a n d .10 of cap. 204, f-iales of G o o d s O r d i n a n c e , to h i s aid, a n d f i n a l l y , c i I ed SI u ice B r o t h e r s ( E .A , t.td ) vs M a t h i a s arid T a w a r s K i t o m a l i ( 1.980) Tf,R 294 to s u p p o r t h i m o n the p r o p o s i t i o n t h a t A p p e l l a n t d i d f u l l y u n d e r s t a n d t he c o n t e n t s of the d o c u m e n t he s i g n e d as t he a d v o c a t e s f u l l y e x p l a i n e d the s a m e to him.

Mi r e p l y I he Appel Ian!' i n s i s t e d t h a t he d i d not. r e f u s e t he c a r d I»u1 that R e s p o n d e n t m a i n t a i n e d k e e p i n g it. till full p a y m e n t of t hr1 debt , a n d that the R e s p o n d e n t lured h i m into g o i n g to the p o I iri> y . I . 1 1 ioil . I I k iv e c a r e f u l l y p a i d d u e a t t e n t i o n to the a r g u m e n t s pr e s e n t ini; I he e v i d e n c e t e n d e r e d a nd t he appl ic a b l e l aw a n d 1 h a v e but c o n c l u d e d that t h i n a p p e a l h a s no merit.. T a m s a t i s f i e d that the trial court, p r o p e r l y f o u n d that I h e r e w e r e two d i f f e r e n t a g r e e m e n t s bet.ween the A p p e l l a n t a nd Respondent, as E x h i b i t e d in the respect ive d o c u m e n t s . Exh. P1 a nd P2. I will a n a l y s e the g r o u n d s of a p p e a l g e n e r a l l y and t o g e t h e r . PW1 . . M o h a m e d Tsma.i 1 , an A d v o c a t e , d e p o s e d h o w he d r e w u p t he two a g r e e m e n t s a nd it is so i n d i c a t e d o n e a c h of them. He lest ilicil h o w pail ies appr c a c h e d h i m lot t h i s an d h o w FI M a a m r y , A d v o c a t e , w i t n e s s e d I lie s i g n a t o r i e s r e g a r d i n g Exh. PI. He f u r t h e r d e p o s e d h o w A d v o c a t e F a u z T w a i b w i t n e s s e d the s a m e p a r t i e s e x e c u t i n g the 2nd a g r e e m e n t , Fxh. P 2 . T h e w i t n e s s s h o w e d t h a t Fxh. PI c o n c e r n e d s a l e of a m o t o r 1 v e h i c l e w h i l e Exh. P2 c o n c e r n e d s a l e of a h o u s e . Mr. F a u z T w a ib , Advocate,, test, if i e d as P W 3 in s u p p o r t t h e r e o f . T h e s a i d E x h i b i t s su p p o r t t h e s e t e s t i m o n i e s . Exh. PI w a s e x e c u t e d on 1!5th Pec. 199.1 w h i l e Exh. P2 w a s e x e c u t e d on 79! t i M a r c h . 1.99 4 .T h e r e is n o t h i n g in t h e s e d o c u m e n t s w h i c h suggest, the c o n t r a r y let a l o n e s u g g e s t i n g that, t h e y a r e i n t e r r e l a t e d . T h e trial court, f o u n d I h e s e w i t n e s s e s a n d R e s p o n d e n t c r e d i b l e a n d T find no g r o u n d s to fault that, s t a n d . R o t h b e f o r e the trial c o u r t a nd in h is m e m o r a n d u m of a p p e a l t he App e l lant u r g e s to be b e l i e v e d that. Exh. PI. is not. t.el.1 inu t he t r u t h - t h a t it is s u p p l e m e n t e d by an oral u n d e r s t a n d i n g b e t w e e n t he t w o w h i c h h a d it t h a t the shs. 1 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 / = , p u r c h a s e p r i c e , w a s to be p a i d f r o m the collect, ion of r e n t s f r o m the d i s p u t e d h o u s e w h i c h had b e e n p l e d g e d as s e c u r i t y for t he debt.. 4

A p a r I f r o m b e i n u I liw.ir l by PW1 a nd 7 , 's e v i d e n c e t h i s firgurnent. can't l e g a l l y si a n d a n d noil her f a n it he b o u u h t by c o m m o n s e n s e apart f c om b e i n g b u t t r e s s e d by s o m e c o n I r ad ic t . io n s an<1 i r r e c o n e i IabIe n a r r a t i o n s inherent in h i s e v i d e n c e i n c l u d i n g p i e a d in g s . I , egal 1 v . . as .riaht.lv a r g u e d by Mr. M s e l e m s t a r t i n g f r o m t he trial c o u r t , a l l o w i n g the a l l e g e d o r a l u n d e r s t a n d i n g to c r e e p in the writ ten a g r e e m e n t , Rxh. P1 , w o u l d go c o u n t e r to ss. 100 (1.) a n d 101 of the E v i d e n c e Aft. Sect. io n 1 00 (I ) p r o v i d e s , in part., " w h e n Ihe lei ms of a c o n t r a c t . . . h a v e b e e n r e d u c e d in a f o r m of a document... no e v i d e n c e s h a l l be g i v e n in p r o o f of the t e r m s of s u c h c o n t r a c t . . . e x c e p t the d o c u m e n t i t s e l f , or s e c o n d a r y e v i d e n c e ' o f its c o n t e n t s in c a s e s in w h i c h s e c o n d a r y e v i d e n c e is a d m i s s i b l e u n d e r the p r o v i s i o n s h e r e i n b e f o r e c o n t a i n e d " , W h i l e S. 101 " W h e n t he t e r m s of a n y s u c h c o n t r a c t ...... h a v e b e e n p r o v e d a c c o r d i n g to s e c t i o n 100, n o e v i d e n c e of a n y o r a l a g r e e m e n t or s t a t e m e n t shall b e a d m i t t e d , as b e t w e e n the p a r t i e s to a n y s u c h i n s t r u m e n t .......... for I h«' p u r p o s e of front i ad ic! in u , v a r y i n g , a d d i n g to, or subtract, ing f r o m its t e r m : " a n d g o e s o n to p r o v i d e s ix e x c e p t i o n s w h i c h d o not. c o v e r the p r e s e n t s iIuaI io n . A u t h o r i t i e s , b o t h f o r e i g n a n d local, a b o u n d , b ut a c l a s s i c a l e x a m p l e is the Kli.il fan v K i c h w a c a s e c i t e d by Mr. M s e l e m , A d v o c a t e [ 1 98 0 , T .h .R . 309] in w h i c h , l.ugak i ng i ra , J (as he t h e n w a s ) , at p a g e .111 of the j u d g e m e n t h ad the f o l l o w i n g to say, "II is clear f r o m s. 101 that e v i d e n c e m a y not bo a d m i t t e d of an oral a g r e e m e n t for t he p u r p o s e of font rad ict. i n g , v a r y i n g , a d d i n g to , or s u b t r a c t i n g f r o m t he t e r m s of a w r i t t e n c o n t r a c t . It. f o l l o w s , o n t he c o n v e r s e , that p v i d e n c e m a y be admit.ted of s u c h oi,i I a g r e e m e n t if il d o e s not put por t to c o n I i ad i d , var y , a dd to, or s u b t r a c t (torn I he

w r i t t e n t pi imr of I Iip c o n t .1 acI : C e n t u r y A u t o m o b i l e s v p H u t c h i n g s R ierne r ( 1965) F .A . 3 0 4 . Pr o v i s o ( b ) I n | |)p s e c t i o n s e t s o i i | t I k * m a t t e r s l o bp t a k e n i n t o r i c c nunl : i n a d m i t t i n g s u c h e v i d e n c e , T h e s e n r o t wo : f i r s t , t I i p u r n 1 a g r e e m e n t s o u g h t t o be p r o v e d by s u c h p v i d p i i c p st i nn i d not be i n e o n s i l e n t w i t h I ho t e r m s o f c o n t r a c t ; s e c o n d I v , r p y n r d i s t o bn )i;ul o f I lie d e g r e e o f f o r m a l i t y o f t ! i p d o e u m e n I " . Par.-is 1 a n d 2 of pxh. PI c l e a r l y , a n d u n a m b iuuotis 1 y s t a l e , "1. T 1 1 p RRI.T.FR will s e 1 1 a n d T H F R U Y F R w i l l b u y the s a i d m o t o r vptiiclp for a c o n s id p r a f io n of T a n z a n i a s h i l l i n g s o n p m i l l i o n o n l y (T,C!HP. 1 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 / = ) ( h e r e i n a f t e r c a l l e d " t h e p u r c h a s e p r i c p " ) . 2. 'I'HR R U Y F R sha 1 I p a y the a f o r e s a i d pur c h a s e p r i c e u p o n t he s i g n i n g ol t h i s a g r e e m e n t " . It is t r u e t h a t PW1 , M o h a m p d I s m a i l , A d v o c a t e , d i d n o t w i t n e s s t h e mriTipy e x c h a n g i n g h a n d s but. it is n o t u n u s u a l t h a t p a r t i e s w h o h a v p c o m m o n u n d e r s t a n d itig, in most b u s i n e s s t r a n s a c t i o n s , e x e c u t e d o c u m e n t : : before? w h o e v e r is l e g a l l y a nd o f f i c i a l l y a l l o w e d • f ' at lest , a n d p r o c e e d , at t h e i r o w n p a c e a n d in a d i f f e r e n t a r e a , to I r a n s a e l I he e x c h a n g e of h a r d c a s h f r o m o n e to a n o t h e r . T h i s point w a s not p u r s u e d for c l a r i t y b u t in m y v i e w the o m i s s i o n is n ot fatal to the R e s p o n d e n t 's case. That s a i d if s t a n d s out cl p a r l v that l e g a l l y I I ip a l l e g e d oral a g r e e m e n t c a n not be i m p o r t e d into pxh. PI as apart, f r o m its f o r m a l i t y w i l l c o m p l p f e l v c h a n g e its import. That a p a r t , e v e n t r e a d i n g on m e r e c o m m o n s e n s e , the a l l p y a t ion as p r e s e n t e d by the A p p e l l a n t , f u n d a m e n t a l l y m a t e r i a l as il w o u l d s e e m , a s s u m i n g it e v e r took p l a c e , cannot, be e x c l u d e d in a n y agreement, in respect, of the t r a n s a c t i o n of the n a t u r e that led to t he format ion of Fxli. PI. W h y s h o u l d it. be e x c l u d e d if t hat w a s the u n d e r s t a n d i n g b e t w e e n p a r l i e s ? A p p e l 1 aril, h a s n ot e x p l a i n e d w h y , if true, w a s it h i d d e n ! A l s o il is not. of i n s i g n i f i c a n c e that t h e r e are c o n t r a d i c t i o n s a n d in e o n s ist encefi on t tie p a r t of the A p p e l l a n t 6

r e g a r d i n g H i p a 11p g p d oral a g r e e m e n t s u p p l e m e n t i n g Fxh. 1. In h i s a f f i d a v i t . for l e a v e to d e f e n d the s u i t , ' ( a d m i t t e d as Exh. 7) in t>a r a . 4 . I lie A p p e 1 1an t slat ed . " U p | hi ( j we e n t e r e d into the s a i d ay t e e m e n I we had o r a l l y a g r e e d that s i n c e Id i d riot h a v e the p u r c h a s e p r i c p i.e shs. 1..000.000/= r e q u i r e d for the s a i d v e h i c l e T w n u T d p l e d g e m y a f o r e s a i d h o u s e as s e c u r i t y , a n d I lie p l a i n t i f f w a s to r e c e i v e the rent a c r u i n g f r o m I tie s a i d h o u s e tint, i 1 the 1 iquidat ion of the d e b t . T h e r e n t is shs. 1 0,000./= p e r m o n t h " . In the w r i t t e n s t a t e m e n t of d e f e n c e , p a r a 2. the Appellants., ma ini a ins the s a m e s l o t y but g o e s further a n d s t a l e s , " . (o I Io w iny t he bt e a k d o w n of I.he s a i d K IA veil ic Ie t h e d e f e n d a n t a p p r o a c h e d t he p l a i n t i f f to r e g i s t e r h i s d i s s a t i s f a c t ion u p o n w h i c h it w a s a g r e e d t h a t on t o p of t he s a i d v e h i c l e t h e P l a i n t i f f s w o u l d b u y t he t tie D e f e n d a n t a sm a l l h o u s e in c o n s i d e r a t i o n of the D e f e n d a n t s u r r e n d e r ino the suit h o u s e to the Plaint.iff. T h e D e f e n d a n t is sti l l w i l l i n g to run tender the s a i d h o u s e to (tie P l a i n t i f f u p o n f u l f i l m e n t of the a f o r e s a i d r o n d it io n s . . .". H o w e v e r , in h i s oral t e s t i m o n y b e f o r e the trial, c o u r t , the A p p e l l a n t b r i n g s in t o t a l l y a n e w f a c t o r w h i c h he m a i n t a i n e d b e f o r e t h i s court, in g r o u n d t wo of h is m e m o r a n d u m of a p p e a l . H e d e p o s e d , " ..... it ( iiiv ) w o r k e d for o n e w e e k orilv. T e v e n t o l d p l a i n t i f f t h a t the m o t o r v e h i c l e h a d c e a s e d e n g i n e . S h e g a v e me shs. 3 5 0 , 0 0 0 / = for r e p a i r s . S he t o l d me t h a t I s h o u l d sell h er the h o u s e . ! d e c l i n e d . T t o l d h e r that: I w o u l d o n l y sell for 8 m i l l i o n s h i l l i n g s . S h e s a i d that, s he w o u l d sell h e r h o u s e in t o w n so t h a t s h e c a n b u y m y h o u s e . P l a i n t i f f o f f e r e d me a a b a n d a in K e k o or M t o n i K i j i c h i . T d e c l i n e d . I told her t h a t t h e r e w a s abaiida in T a n d i k a g o i n g for 1 . r ) mill iori sh i I 1 inu s a n d T c o u l d m o v e t h e r e s o o n T w a s p a i d p u r c h a s e p r i c e " . S h o r t l y a f t e r t h i s statement' he w e n t on to s a y that he c o u l d v a c a t e the d i s p u t e d h o u s e if p a i d shs. R m i l l i o n a n d g i v e n ^kil )anda wort.h I . ’ i m i 1 I ion ! 7

F r o m ♦ h e a b o v p c o n t r a d i<r! ions a nd in e o n s i st.enres what, he .is u r o p o u nd in u w o u l d n a t u r a l l y i'rvoII a g a i n s t c o m m o n s e n s e . Fits!., w h y omi I I Iih c o n t e n t s of p. 11 a . 2 of the w r i t t e n s I a I e m e u I of d e f e n c e f r o m the a f f ida v i I (Kxh. P7 ) if af. all lliny w i n e t r u e ? S e c o n d I v . h o w d o wh rpi'onri le I Iir c o n t e n t s of par a . 2 of the wt it ten s t a t e m e n t of d e f e n c e w i I h I he ot a I test imony in c o u r t ? T h i r d l y , don.q i I , t nn w i t h c o m m o n R e u s e that, the Respondent, c o u l d h a v e p a r t e d will) s hs . 3 f i f l .000./ = for r e p a i r of a v e h i c l e s he had s o l d at a p r i c e of 1 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 / = just, a w e e k b e f o r e , a p r i c e s i m p l y s e c u r e d by 10 .000/= rent . m o n t h l y , w h e n , by a I I m e a n s she h a d not p o c k e t e d e v e n a m o n t h s ' ten! b e c a u s e a m o n t h ha d not. yet. l a p s e d ? ! What, w o u l d I he shs. 3 r )0,000/ = be for - a loan, a grant;, or' what ! W o u l d s he be b u y i n g h e r o w n p r o p e r t y ! O n l y a d e r a n g e d b e i n g c a n p a r t i c i p a t e in s u c h t r a n s a c t ion. I m i iIr I h I y , a l t h o u g h b l o o d relal ions a nd f r i e n d s h i p c a n lead to sofl lo a n s or g r a n t s (but no o n e ha s s u g g e s t e d the e x i s t e n c e of s u c h r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n the two), is it p o s s i b l e t h a t the R e s p o n d e n t c o u l d part w i t h hi s v e h i c l e , at a p u r c h a s e p r i c e of 1 , 0 0 0 , floO/" p a y a b l e in rental co l l e c t ions of shs. 1 20,000/=: a y e a r ( 1 0 , 0 0 0 / = x 12 m o n t h s ) w h i c h t r a n s a c t i o n w o u l d t a k e fijs y e a r s b e f o r e the w h o l e s u m is l i q u i d a t e d ? P u t t i n g all. t he a b o v e a s i d e , w h i l e b e f o r e the l o w e r c o u r t the A p p e l l a n t t h r o u g h o u t t a l k e d of a m o n t h l y r e n t of 1 0,000./ = f r o m r e n t s , o n a p p e a l , w h i l e t e s p o n d i n g to q u e s t i o n s by r o u r t , lie sa id I hal il w a s 1 r >, ,000/•- ! Not o n l y I he a b o v e , whi le in h i s oral lest imony A p p e l l a n l s a i d that a f t e r the m \ v s a l e t r a n s a c t i o n he i n t r o d u c e d Respondent, to the t e n a n t s a n d the R e s p o n d e n t r a i s e d r e n t s to r e c o u p her' m o n e y q u i c k l y , D W 2 a nd ,1, w h o p o s e d as her t e n a n t s s i m p l y t e s t i f i e d to h a v i n g b e e n f o l d to p a y the rent to m a m a K a i d i . Is it p o s s i b l e that, n o n e c o u l d h a v e t e s t i f i e d to s u c h t o u c h y if not

c r u c i a l h a p p e n i n g 011 their i n c o m e ? Tri f act. . D W 2 , d e p o s e d , " T h e r ent a l r e m a i n e d at shs. 2 0 0 0 / = p e r uiont h", whi le D W 4 s a i d " f r o m 1 9 9 0 I p a i d 2 0 0 n / - . p e r m o m 1 p a y the s a m e to d a t e " . A n d yet sti l l we h a v e h i s c o n I radic! ions t e y a r d i n y M ir s i g n i n g of the a g r e e m e n t , I n h i s e x a m i n a t i o n in c h i e f , fie s a i d "I h a d no wt it Ien a g r e e m e n t w i t h plaint iff for b o t h the h o u s e or v e h i c l e . T d i d not g o to Tsinai 1 . T d o not k n o w I he p l a c e . I s i g n e d the d o c u m e n t at c h a n y ' o m b e Pol ice u n d e r t h r e a t s . T d o not. k n o w what the d o c u m e n t 1 s i g n e d w a s about.". At I.he s a m e I im e , in the s a m e d e p o s i t ion. w h e n s h o w n Rxh. P2 he i d e n t i f i e d it as the o n e w h i c h he s i g n e d u n d e r d u r e s s at f.lie p o l i c e s t a t i o n . S u r p r i s i n g l y h o w e v e r , in r e - e x a m i n a t i o n (the Appellant, w a s t h e n b e i n g d e f e n d e d by Mi . Mucirinda, A d v o c a t e ) fie h a d I lie c o u r a g e of g i v i n g the f o l l o w i n g c o n t r a r y a n s w e i , " T h e s i g n a t u r e in Rxfi . PP. is min e . T s i g n e d at. p l a i n t i f f ' s h o u s e . Tt w a s a m o t o r v e h i c l e a g r e e m e n t " . Not of less s i g n i f i c a n c e is h i s deni.il I ha! he is nol R a j a b u M u s s a bill P a j a b u Y u s u f as! r i d i n g if as o n e of f he f a c t o r s I.hat. the t wo a d v o c a t e s (PW1 a n d 2) didn't k n o w him, but. h i s o w n w i t n e s s e s , h i s t e n a n t s a n d n e i g h b o u r . D W 2 , 3 a n d 4, c o n s i s t e n t l y ident i I ' i ed a n d r e f e r r e d to h i m as P a j a b u M u s s a . Tf T s mail a nd T w a i1 ) d i d nol k n o w h im a m i f o l d lies, c o n c o c t itry e v e r y t h i n g t h e y s a i d about the a g r e e m e n t s i n c l u d i n g his n a m e h o w about, t h e s e c l o s e p e r s o n a l i t i e s he t r u s t e d to the e x t e n t of c a l l i n g t h e m to h i s a i d ? D o t h e y a l s o not. k n o w the n a m e of t h e i r l a n d l o r d ? A s t o I tie quest ion of tenant s p a y i n g rent; to a w o m a n c a l l e d m a m a Saidi. o n b e h a l f of R a h m a ( R e s p o n d e n t ) as n a r r a t e d by D W 2 - 4, e v e n if b e l i e v e d d o e s not. affect, the R e s p o n d e n t ' s s t o r y . N a t u r a l l y o n c e o w n e r s h i p c h a n g e s , the r e n t s h a d a l s o to c h a n g e I fie dest inaf ion: to R a h m a ' s p u l s e a nd not A p p e l l a n t s . 9

T h e r e is vet a n o t h p r • c o n t r a d ic i io n l)p I v/rph Appellant. a n d h is wi I ri('r;s 0 W 3 . R a s h i d .luma K a h a m a . Th if > wi l.riPSS d e p o s e d that he w i I n e s s e d hi - .id i I'piiipn I in lespecl of a v e h i c l e b e i n g s i g n e d at R a h m a 's r e s i d e n c e : that Iir a l s o d id s i g n a n d so w e r e o t h e r s p r e s e n t ; that he s aw R a h m a p a v i n g A p p e l l a n t 2 0 0 , 0 0 0 / = p a s h w i t h a p r o m i s e In p a y 1 0 0 . 0 0 0 / = in . i w e e k ' s I imp a n d that t h i s m o n e y w;is for r e p a i r of the relevant. motor' v e h i c l e w h i c h w a s p a r k e d just, o u t s i d e a n d w h i c h n e e d e d r e p a i r k to the i n j e c t o r p u m p , c l u t c h a n d b r a k e s . On the other h a n d h o w e v e r . Appellant, t a l k e d of s hs . 3 5 0 , 0 0 0 / = b e i n g r e p a i r c o s t s of the v e h i c l e a f t e r it. h a d w o r k e d for iust a w e e k an d e v e n t h e n not foi the d e f e c t s e x p l a i n e d by I)W3 b ut c e a s i n g of the e n g i n e , a nd i n f e r a b l y n ot at r e s p o n d e n t ' s n l a c o . T h p trial e o u r t r i g h t l y f o u n d t h i s w i t n e s s no t c r e d i b l e a n d T h a v e f o u n d no c l u e for a r r i v i n g at t he c o n t r a r y view. R e g a r d i n g I he a r g u m e n t that the Reg. c a r d is si ill in p o s s e s s i o n of R e s p o n d e n t I b i s h a s a m p l y b e e n e x p l a i n e d by the l a t t e r that, as the d u p l i c a t e had b e e n sent to Ml war a a n d h a d b e e n in j o i n t n a m e w i t h O R D H w h i c h h a d e x t e n d e d a loan to h e r it t o o k I ime In gel a d u p l i c a t e by w h i c h I ime the A p p e l l a n t h a d a l r e a d y c h a n g e d hir. m i n d . T h i s a l s o cann o t assist A p p e l l a n t , I h a v e l a b o u r e d T h r o u g h the v a r i o u s c o n t r a d i c t i o n s for c l a r i t y a n d a l s o to e s t a b l i s h t he s o u n d n e s s of t he trial c o u r t ' s f i n d i n g s o n the c r e d i b i l i t y of w i t n e s s e s . A l t h o u g h , g e n e r a l l y , the I rial four I is the o n e b e s t p l a c e d to a s s e s s the c r e d i b i l i t y of w i t n e s s e s w h o t e s t i f y b e f o r e it. an d r a r e l y s h o u l d t he c o u r t o n a p p e a l i n t e r v e n e (J. M. K a s u k a vs G e o r g e H u m b a , C i v i l A p p e a l No. 76 of 10 9 6 , c A, M w a n z a R e g i s t r y ( un r e p o r ted ) ) the c o n t r a d i c t i o n s e x h i b i t e d a n d e x p l a i n e d a b o v e w o u l d h a v e j u s t i f i e d t h i s c o u r t to i n t e r v e n e a n d o v e r t u r n the d e c i s i o n if the s a i d trial court, h ad a r r i v e d a I an o p p o s i t e c o n c l u s i o n , for s u c h g l a r i n g i r r e f o n e i Ia b l e mat lets in e v i d e n c e a r e I he o n e s envisacied u n d e r I he exce p t ion. 1 0

F s h o w I d m a k e i h i p m o r e o l ' S P f v ; ) ! i n t i w h i c h s o m e h o w l i a s R o m e b e a r i n o b p f o r r t o u c h i n a t h e A p p e 1 1 a n t 1 s c 1 a i m t h a t h e w a s f o r c e d l o s i g n F . x l i . V2 f ' ) t w h i c h Mr . M s e l e m c i I n i l K i t o m a l i c a s p . A p p p M a n l d i f l n o t r a i s e i t i n s o m a n y w o r d s b u t o n l o o k o f t h i n « s . t o d a y , , s h s . 7 0 0 , 0 0 0 / - m a y r r o d ) t o b o o n t h f l l o w e r s i d e r e g a r d i n g v a I u p o f a h o i j s o s a i d t o h a v e r) r o o m s i n I h e m a i n p a r t , a n d s p v p n i n t I i p b a c k y a r d . A p p e l l a n t m a y . o n s e c o n d t h o u g h t s , h a v e r i o t e d t h a t , h p h a d n o t s p o u r p d I I i p p r o p e r v a l u e o f h i s h o u s e h p n c e t h p t u r n r o u n d a n d d i s p u t i n g h a v i n g s o l d i t . . S u f f i c e t o s a y t h a t u i i I p s s f r a u d , o r a b s e n c e o f f r e e c o n s e n t , t . o a c o n t r a c t a r p n t o v e d . t h e a d e q u a c y o f c o i i s i d e r a l i o n i s n o t a m a t t e r t o b e d e c i d e d n o o n b y t h e c o u r t s . T h i s w a s w e l l a r g u e d b y Mr . M s e I phi i n t h e I i i a 1 c o n r t . S. 3!i (1 ){a) of our I,aw of C o n t r a c t O r d i n a n c e C a p . 413 p r o v id e s :- "25(1 1(a) An a g r e e m e n t to w h i c h the consent, of the p r o m i s o r is f r e e l y g i v e n is not v o i d m e r e l y b e c a u s e the c o n s i d e r a t ion is i n a d e q u a t e " . What. the l e a r n e d a u t h o r (Dr. A V T A R S I N G H in h i s b o o k . L A W OF C O N T R A C T 3 r d R D T T T O N , 1 9 R 0 at p a g e 79) o b s e r v e d on a s i m i l a r p r o v i s i o n of the law in In d i a p u l s o u r legal s l a n d in a n u t s h e l l " T h o u g h the I n d i a n Gout iact Acl d o e s not in t e r m s p r o v i d e that c o n s i d e r a t ion must be g o o d or v a l u a b l e to s u s t a i n a contact, it h a s a l w a y s b e e n u n d e r s t o o d that c o n s i d e r a t i o n m e a n s s o m e t h i n g w h i c h is of s o m e v a l u e in t;he e v e of the law. Tt must be real a n d not i 1 l n s o r y . whel tier a d e q u a t p or not .... S o l o n g as I he c o n s i d e r a t ifin is not u n r e a l it is s u f f i c i e n t if it be of slight, v a l u e to d a y " . a n d lie g o e s on, "rf a p a r l y g e l s w h a t lie h a s c o n t r a c t e d for a n d if it is of s o m e v a l u e , w h i c h m a y be great o r s m a l l , the court's will not. e n q u i r e w h e t h e r it. w a s an equivalent, to the p r o m i s e w h i c h he g a v e in r e t u r n . T h e a d e q u a c y of the c o n s i d e r a t ion is for the p a r t i e s to c o n s i d e r ■ it the t imo of m a k i n g the a g r e e m e n t , not. for the c o m Is w h e n it is sought. If) be e n f o r c e d . ( FU.AOKBtJRN, J. in R o 1 t on vs M a d d e n . 1 H 7 3 LR 9 OR. 55 1." 1 1

T h e a b r j v p s p i 1 I s a v ' i ! f i n t * ■ ■ > y e t a n o t H o t a r g u m e n t b y M r - . M s e I e m t h a t t h e A p p e l l a n t c m 1 I b p a v a i 1 e d t b p d e f e n c e ^ f n o n - e s t ~ f a c t u m ( w I i p i p h e ( - . H i s a y ' I t i p d o c u m e n t i s n o ! m i ( i p 1 ) c i I i n u K i l o m a l i c a s e . I I w i l l b p n o l p d t h a t A i »i »r» 1 1 n 11 1 i s a I n v m a n a n d h i i i p i h p - s p t i l p i I i n t h i s a p p e a l a n d t h a t I i p c o u I d p o s s i b l y l i a v p b r o u g h t o u t ' . I b a t i|pf n u r p i p sf > n i a n v w o r d s : r i p v p r l I i p I r s s b p i s c : b a 1 1 p n g i n g l l i . i I I i p w a s f o r c p d l o s i m i E x h . P 2 a I I I i p p o l l o p s l a t i o n . T w i l l ( b u s c o n s i d e r w h p f b p r s u c h d e f e n c e c o u l d bp. a v a i l e d t o h i m . I n d p p d I he d e f e n c e of n o n — r s 1 . f a c t u m w a s d e t a i l e d l v d iKfii'iKPil bv t he Court of A p n e a 1 in K i t o m a I i r a s s w h e r e I be pt i n c i p l e pi i)noinif‘ P(l bv b i n d P e n n ing . M . R . in HAl.T.H" v l.EF, ( 1 c )f S^ ) 2 . ('II. 17. w a s fici'ppl pd as a I i u p bt o a d pt ino ip I p o f I I ip law g o v e r n i n g in o u r j u t i sd icl io n as w e l l , that is. " W h p i i p v p r a m a n o f full a g e a n d i u k I p r s t a n d in g w h o f a n r p a d a n d w r i I r , s i g n s a l e g a l d o c u m e n t w h i c h is put b e f o r e h i m f o r s i g n a t u r e - b y w h i c h T m p a n a doeiimpnl w h i c h , il i:; a p p a r e n t o n I I ip f a c p of il , , is. iulrutdpd lo h a v e I i>ga I c o n s e q u e n c e s . Mien,. if I ip d o p s not ! al<p I I ip t r o u b l e lo r p a d if. but s i g n s a s it is. r e l y i n g o n I I ip w o r d of a n o t h e r as to ils c h a r a c t e r o r c o n t e n t s o r e f f e c t , h e cannot, b p b e a r d lo s a y that it is not b i s dnruinpiit . R v b i s c o n d u c t in s i g n i n g it be tias i e p r e s e n t « d t o all t h o s e i n t o w h o s e b a n d s it m a y c o m e , that it is b i s d o c u m e n t ; a n d o n c p I b e v act u p o n it a s b e i n g h i s d o c u m e n t , he c a n n o t g o b a c k o n il . a n d s a y it w a s a n u l l i t y f r o m I I ip b e g i n n i n g " . T h e court o ( a p p p a I w p i i I o n lo lay d o w n s i t u a t i o n s w h e r e the p r i n c i p l e c o u l d bp r e l i e d u p o n , a nd t h e s e a r e e n u m e r a t e d in the h e a d n o t e s lo the c i t e d c a s e | { i I o m a I i in 1 9 8 0 Tf.R, " ( i i i ) the p l e a of n o n - e s l - f a c t u m is,, h o w e v e r , a v a i l a b l e in a p r o p e r c a s e for 1 lie r e l i e f of (a) P E R S O N S w h o for p e r m a n e n t or t e m p o r a r y r e a s o n s (not l i m i t e d lo b l i n d n e s s or i l l i t e r a c y ) a r e not c a p a b l e of r e a d i n g the document, to be s i g n e d a n d s u f f i c i e n t l y u n d e r s t a n d it, that is u n d e r s t a n d i n g it at least to the poi n t of d e t e c t i n g a f u n d a m e n t a l d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n the a c t u a l d o c u m e n t a n d I tie document, as as t he s i g n e r h a d b e l i e v e d if to be. (I') i l l i t e r a t e or s e n i l e p p r s o n s w h o cannot t e ad or a p p r p h e n d a leaal d o c u m e n t : " l 2

(<-) Pfirsons w ! m p e r m a n e n t l y o r t e m p o r a r i 1 v arfi u n a b l e t h r o u g h no fault of I he i rs , to h a v e . w i t h o u t i»xpl inal ion, a ny real u m l m si a nd ing of Hie f >u r f>r >r I of , i |ia i I ii'H Ia r <lo< a line i iI . w h e t h e r I I ta I be from dp ffxI ive educaI io n . i l l n e s s or inna I e in c a p a c i I v . ( i v ^ t h e r e s p o n d o n f s w h o d i d n o t . t o t h e k n n w l r i I o r o f t h e c o m p a n y . u n d e r s t a n d I I ip R ik j I i s h b i n a u n g f i rind w p r p , a s s u c h , i n t i o p o s i t i o n t o u m l n r s l .'irul t Vip f u l l p u r p o r t , a n d l e g a l i m p 1 i e a t . i n n s o f I ftp t e r m s a n d c o n d i t i o n s p r i n t e d in that, l a n g u a g e w i t h o u t e x p l a n a t i o n i n S w a h i l i b e l o n g t o a c l a s s o f p e r s o n s i n w h o s e f a v o u r t h e d o c t r i n e o f n o n - p s t - f a d u m w o u l d o p e r a t e . ; ( v ) a l t h o u g h c o u r t s w i l l n o t n o r m a l l y i n t e r v e n e t o p r o t e c t a c o n t r a c t i n n p a r t y a g a i n s t I lie c o n s e q u e n c e s o f h i s o w n f r i l l y , t h e y w i I I d o s o w h p r p t h e p a r t y s e e k i n g e q u i t a b l e r e l i e f i s a p o o r a n d i g n o r a n t p e r s o n w h o h a s b e e n o v e r r e a c h e d i n t h e a b s e n c e o f i n d e p e n d e n t , a d v i c e . ( v i ) T h e a b o v e p r i n c i p l e a p p l i e s I n " c a t c h i n g b a r g a i n s " a n d i n I lie c a s e o l <ha I i n g w i t h u n e d i t c a I p d , i g n o r a n t p e t s o n s , M u ' b i n d n n o l s h o w i n g I h e f a i r n e s s o l I h e I r a n s a e l i o n I i e s u p o n I h e p e r s o n w h o s e e k s I o o b l a i n t h e b e n e f i t o f t h e c o n t r a c t ; ( v i i ) .......... ( v i i i ) . . . . w h e n o n e o f t h e p a r l i e s l o a v e r y o n e r o u s rind o p p r e s s i v e c o n t m e t . p l e a d s n o n - e s t f a c t u m , t h e c l e a r e s t e v i d e n c e i s r e q u i r e d t o s h o w t h a t t lie d i s p u t i n g p a r l y c l e a r v u n d e r s t o o d t h e n a t u r e o f t h e d o c u m e n t h e s i g n e d ...... ". T n t h i s K i l o m a l i ' s c a s e f a r m e t s X p e a s a n t s i n w h a t w a s k n o w n a s " G r o w i n g c o n t r a c t s " w e r e b e i n g m a d e l o s i g n o n s t a n d a r d c o n t r a c t s . i I r e a d y p r e p a r e d b y a bill e h c o v , a n d in R u g ! i s h l a n g u a g e w h i c h t h e y d i d n o t u n d e r s t a n d r e q u i r i n g t h e m t o r e c e i v e ' s t o c k - s r r c I s ' f o r p l a n t i n g o n e o n d i t i o n t h a t t h e y w o n 1 el s e l l t o t h e s a i d c o m p a n y I h e h a r v e s t e d s e e d s f o r e x p o t I . T e r m s a n d c o n d i t i o n s i n I h p c o n t r a c l s i m p l y s e t o u t r i g h t ' s o f t h e c o m p a n y o n o u r h a n d arid d u t i p s a n d o b l i g a t i o n s o f t h e f a r m e r \ n e a s a n t s o n t h e o t h e r w i t h o u t i m p o s i n g o b i i g a l i o n o r 1 i a b i I i l v o n t h e c o m n a n v o r c o n f e r r i n g r i g h t s o n t h e p e a s a n I \ f a r m e r . T h e c o m p a n y h a d s u e d t h e 1

b r o l l i p r f a r m e r s o n F t u n i s d u e o n I I i p m o w i n g c o n I r a c t . D e c i d i n g , Ki . i i n s l I I i p c o m n a n v . a s s u m m a r i s p d i n ! I i p h e a d n o t e s , I I i p f o u r I o f A p p p . i I 1 1 p 111 . " ' H i p ' R r n w i n n f r j i i l i . h -I ' i n t h i s c a s e i s a n u n c o n s c i o n ; i b I e h a r o a i u , f a 11 i n o w i I I I i n I I i p c a I e g o r y o f ' c a I . e h i n g b a t ' a n i n ' , i n w h i c h i i n e o n s o i e n l i o n s i j s p w a s m a d e b y o n e s i d e o f I I i p t b p d o w p i , i t i s i n n o u t r >f t h e c o n l i ; i r l i n g w p a k n e s s o f I h e o t h e r s i d e . w h i c h t I i p c o m I s h o u l d r e f u s e t o e n f o r c e o n p o i i i I a b 1 p m o u n d " , , i n d . e I a t i f v i m i I I i p ( ’.! o b s i - ’ i v e i l . " I t i s a p p a t * p n I f r o m I t i p 1 G r o w i n g r o n f r n c t 1 t h a t I b n u n d p f a k i n u w , i s a r:r>MMtio n v p n l h i p o f b o t 1 1 p a r t i p s , . i s I I i p i P s p o u d < M i I m o w m s w e r p t o b p p a i d o n l y i f I t i p t a t i n i i t o v p 11 1 111 p w a d p a p t o f i ! , a n d i t w o u l d I >p u n c o n s c i o u a h l p t o h o l d o n l y o u r n a t t y l i a b l p f o r I I i p r i s k s a n d I o s s p s o f t h p c o m m o n v e n t u r e " . 1 c o n s i d e r I I i p t w o e a s e s t o b e d i f f e r e n t i n I l i e i r e n t i r e l y , Tn K i t o m a l i c a s p I h e d p f ' e n d a n t s \ f t e j s p o n d p n t s d i d n o t rl i s p i l l e t h e s i g n i n g o f t h e c o n t r a c t n e i t h e r d i d t h e y a l l e g e t h a t t h e y d i d s o u n d e r d u r e s s . T h e c o u r t w a s m a i n l y c o n c e r n e d w i t h t h e u n e q u a l b a r g a i n i n g p o w e r o f t h e p a r t i e s . T n t h e c a s e a t . h a n d h o w e v e r , t h e A p p e l l a n t d i s p u t e s h a v i n g s i g n e d I h e n o n I t a c t . , a n d , a r g u e s t h a t , i l h e d i d i t was ; d o n e u n d e r d m e s s . , p r o p o s i t i o n s w h i c h a r e n o t s u p p o r t e d a n d a t e c o n t r a d i c t e d b y e v i d e n c e a s a l r e a d y f o u n d . T h e e o n ! t a e l s ( R x h . P I a n d 7.) a t e s i m p l e c o n t r a c t s c o n c e r n i n g s a l e o f a m o l o i v p h i c l p a n d a h o u s e ; P W 1 a n d 7. A d v o c a t e s w h o h a v e b e e n f o u n d v e r y c r e d i b l e b y I l i p t r i a l c o u r t a n d t h i s c o u r t , a s w e l l , i ti t h e i r I p s t i m o n i e s t h e y d e p o s e d h o w t h e y e x p l a i n e d i n K i s w a h i l i I h e c o n t e n t ' s o f t h e s e c o n t r a c t s t o a l l p a r t i e s b e f o r e e x e c u t i o n . T h e c l a i m o f h a v i n g s i g n e d t t i e c o n t r a c t ( R x h . P2) a t t h e p o 1 i c e s l a t i o n m i l i t a t e s u n r e s e t v e d l y a g a i n s t t h e w e i g h t o f t h e e v i d e n c e a n d c a n n o t s t a n d . T h u s t h e f a c t s d o n o t b r i n g t h i s c a s e u n d e r t h e p r i n c i p l e o f n o n - e s t f a c t u m . F o r r e a s o n s d i s c u s s e d a b o v e t h e a p p e a l s t a n d s d i s m i s s e d i n i t s e n t i r e t y . ( F , . R . K a 1 e y e v a ) U p I i v p r p < 1 o n (L^J! tc ■ > D e p u t y R e g i s t r a r High Court of T a n / a m a P a r * r s - S a ! a a f U

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