Lente Ngireu vs Fazil Donati (Civil Appeal No. 66 of 1988) [1990] TZHC 592 (26 October 1990)

:MROS0 9 Ja CIVIL .AFP.DAL No •. 66 OF 1288 (C/F· ARUSIIA RM':3 COURT I'l1OBAT:ill AND J~)lffiU'.3TRLTION CAUSE No~ 1 of 1988) LCNT3 NGIIlW •••••••••••• lu'P3LL1:.NT Vorsus F 1..ZIL :DOrHTI ....... •·••· .. RDSPOlf.ODNT This is 'an appcal·against a rulinG of tho·Court of Resident Magistrate at Arv.sha (Mlig-of,RM) dated 9/9/1985,relating to Probate and ldministration Cause No. 1 of 19G6. In that cause tho res:pondont, Fazil Donati, 'had successfully applied in.the·court of Resident for letters of administration relating to tho estate of lcto Theresia Ngireu. Sometime in Juno, 19Gl3 tho appellant th.rou@l his advocte,Mr. Kc,.:poor, filed in tho same cou.rt a Chamber application up.d0r Rulo 29 f tho Probate and 1' .. clministration Ilulos sncl sections 49 and G2 of the Probate and Administation Ordinance, Cap 445,honcoforth in this judgment for convonionco to be referred to simply as th9 Ordin~nce mtl the Probate and .Administrntion l1ulos to be referred. to only as tho 'Hulas. It was prayed that t!1e i}X't:'.nt of letters of ad.ministration to tho rospondont bG revoked. I In .tho affidavit in suQ110rt of tho applic2..tion the 2,p_plicant deposed inter alia that ho had applied for and obtained letters of

Administration in respect of tho sc:.mo estate of late Thcrosia Ngirou from th0 Prima.ry Court in 'rima.ry Court (1;.rusha Urban) Ce.UGO lifo. 25 of 1905. It was averred that.both tho rospon:lont and his advocate wore ·awQXc of tho ,grant encl yet, without disclosinc thr.,t matori!3.l fo,ct to th0 Resident . . : .. : . . MGfstrato 1 s Court procoodocl to apply for and obtained a grant of Letters of Aclministrc.tion. It was fur_thor cb110s0d that tllo vt1luci of tho estate exceeded tho pccuiriary ju.risdi<?tion of the Resident V.1.c.(;".i.stra to I s Court G.rtd that tho rospondont w~s not accounting to the bonoficic>.Xios tho rent which ho collcctcq. from tenants of a house which formod part of tho ostate. Mr. Kapoor, luE'..I'nod counsel, n.rsuoc1 tho application encl tho presiding ma(;'i.strc.tc was appnrently impressed but yet dismissoc1. it. Ho s2.id, and I quote from tho ruling:- "Mr., Knpoor for tho applicant r.;wo convincing reasons when u.r;rj_nc tho applicction". . ... /2 Tho main reason..~~ /

"' 2 Tho raain roason the applic,.:,tion was c1isoissed was that "Tho mnttcr/objcction was droQ.Cly dealt with in tho High Court" in Misc. Ci-,ilApplioationNo. 172 of 1986 (Chua 1 J.). 'TI.1us, the applicant 11 118,rl no right to file tho present ct.pplic2t:i.on 11 • In other words, tho sul)joct r;iattor f the r.,pplic_ation .was .!'.9E_ juclicata. Tho learned r,:isiuont Hag.i.stratG cloubtod if, in fact, tJ.:o.ro had boon a Prob1:'..to 1:,nd Acl.r.rinistration Cause in tho Prioary Court, Ccu'3o No. 25 of 1985, 2.11d,._ if it oxistod~ he wns not nw2.ro how it encl.ad. Tho lowor court naclo no coIJ;-,10nt 2.bout the avornont that it Jmd no pecuniary jurisdiction to deal ui th tho 2.pplication for c;rMt of lot tors of ,:'.:d.1;iinistrB.tion. Thero was 0.11 al tornc,tivo ground which tho learned rosidc:mt rn:i...:;:i.str2,to considered thD.t it provided justification for cl.isr.ti.ssi-!].g the .1pplication which io under e,ppe2,l. It uns thought thr,t tho appi- c2..tion w2,,s in 0ny co.so tino barroa. under section 21 (sic) of tho · First Schedule of· Act No. 10 of 1971 ( tho Lini tation Act). .Apparently tho uv.Gistrato was roforrinG' to i tom 21 of i-:it III of tho First Scho•lulo to he Liai tation Act, 1971 9 where it is provided that th0 liDj_ts,tion p:.riod. for an n.1)l)lic2,ton under tl,o Civil Procedure Cocto, 1906, tho 1 ' 1 ngistrn,to 's Courts Act, 1963 (now 1984) or other Written 12:f._,for ·which no i,oriocl. of liui t[.',tion :us vrovi::lod in tho Lirni tat:i..on Act or any other wTi tton lcw, to bo sixty ckys. t·n1ilo doa.linG with this appeal it como to rzy notico that clthou.,;:.1 tho Primary Court, in Probate 2nd Ad.ninistrnti.on Causo No. 25 of 1985, grantocl lottcrs of Gdninistr2,tj_on to the E,ppol12.nt on 3/ 2 ; 19 06, tho .srant- .was subsoq_ucntly.m-½lified by the District Cov.xt of Arusha (S.HoMtui, Senior District Magistrv..to ~ as.ho then was-) on 15th Mc.rch, 1986:> in whr.t aJ?pcars to bo n rovisional · ardor contninocl in ,,, 2, file for: ins1Joction. no.tos No • .m/DHI -· 40/li..16. It woulcl appo2..r, thor?fore, tlw,t 2.t tho tine of tho gre-.,nt of letters of AdJ,unistr2.-tion to tlo ,ros 1 )onclont on 27 / 4/DG by tho Rcsiclon t Mc.t:,";i.str2. to' s Court, th3re uc.s 110 subsisting {;['G-"l.t to v,ny other parson. I pointed out thic fact to 11r.- Kc,poor 1?.n.! :.10 infornod the court. th2,t t;10 GJ'.'Ounu of appeal roJ.c,tinc to tho ros~:,ondont 2,pplyin 0 for grant of letter of a:lr.ri.nistration w!.1ilo thoro hr:J. boon 2, prior £3Tc.11t to the v,ppollant, wns no lo.nc,vr rolovant. Tho appolltcnt I s crouncls of 2,-ppcal nmr uoforo me 2.re i-

1. Th2,t th::; IIonourc:,blo ML, 1 j.str2,to orrod. in Law in holclins t],_2,t tho r.12-ttor (boforo hir.i) w2.s Res JuJ.iceta;
2. Tlie,t tho ~Ion;:;urablo r,Iae;"istrr.:to orrod. in holdinc tb.o.,t tho applic1:'.. tion was tiuo be,rre:c1; an.cl ••• /3.that tho•••••

'. . . .-.:I'"·· ,1,i,,,;::~ .. ::,, 3 3. Tlrnt t:.10 IIono.urnblo I.If',c_,i:Jtrnte ouQ.1t to have l.oL:.l t1.w.t tlle applicntion for · lot tors of &'lministration file(, l)y tho .. .tcs::_):Jnc.lont was dofoctivc Q.rrl beyond tho pecuniary jwisclic.ticn of tho court. Nr. Shiy;y-o, learned. counm;l f_or tho rosponclont, strenuously rosistccl tho c,ppocJ.. It is now convenient to discuss tho loarnocl c1rc;un0nts ureocl for <1ncl 2-gainGt tho a1Jpoal. i..ftcr. tho filing by tho l'0Sonc.lcnt of the ;;-,pplico,tion for o;rr:nt of letters of ;,/cr.ri.nistrr:,tion 'in t:10 Court of Rosiclont tbg1strc1to 9 tho appollnnt filo:l '-" caJ1.oat in tho IIi/)1 Court - Hiscce.lc:,nou.s Civil Applico.tion lfoo · 172 of 1906., He wr:s lu.l;y- qi tecl but friloc:. ·to enter J.. a . aJpoO,l'.'ance ·wi t1in.Li>oriod of four montlJ.r::' of boinc ci toa., Chua,J. in his ruling whtch is dtcd 7/10/87, d.isr.1issccl ·tho applicc,tion for tho reason thc1t "tho caveat h2.'1 lapst)Q by offluxic;m of tiuo." Thio in o., llocidion thnt tho fon.rnod ror:Jidont Ma[;.i.strato oonsidorod had rolatocl to tho sn.r,10 natters -uhich fo:rG1od tho substc.nco of n.ppollont' s appJ.icc .. tion before hiri. · I 112,vc no doubt 6.t all tJE',t tho loarnod rosic:cnt r.18.{;istrato . orroJ. in hold.inG tht tho .s,ppollant ts· c'..pplica tion wo.s ~ _;tudicn ta • 111 that Chua, J's 1;uling tloci:loil wau t 1 in.t in accordance wj_th section 59 (4) of tho O:r:.1..illi,.',nco tho ar>pollc.nt I s CF,;,voat vTc,s doomed u:i. thcl.rmm., It elso dociclod th;-,,t unc:7..or tb.o provisicns of soction 52 (1)) of t].10 Orclinanco, thoro ir: no noocl to file 2. pl2.int in oontontions procoodinc;s. It did not dcciclc 2..nythinr; also. A "cy,voc.t" is d.cfj_no<l in L·c,.mciso.Law ))ictionary, by l'.G. Osburn, 5th Tikli tion, as followsi- 1 "A warninc;. Ln entry 1:12/~o in tho books of the offices of c, roi::;istry or court to 1

rovont c certain stoi, from boinc t2-kcn without previous notice to the pccson . ontorin3 tho cavoe.t - (Hi,o is cr;llod. tho ceavoat?r ). Thus, zmy parson hc::.vin3, 01· clair:i.ing, an interest ·in the ostc1.to of tho clccon,Bou. person r.iay enter 11 cavoo..t 2.t tho l,rob2.to {lOC;"ir.:::try and. so prevent n Q.'r::nt of rcproscnt['.,tion issuin,:_; in respect of th2.t ostEtc wi t'.1out rof oronco to hir.1. 11 I undorstc;,nd. the. t to 1;1oan that in 2. c2..von. t ono socks to provont tho, o;rant of· say letters of nd..t"Jinistration to c1,n u,i)i,licant without first rofrrinG to tho cavoator., Ilonco, tho usual wo:ccls in 11 cav0at " Lot notllinG be done in tho L1attor of tho estate of ••• • 'Wi tJwut clue notice to.•• 11 •·• 6 /4 Thus, in sop ti on •• •

4 Thus, in soctton 50 (1) of t110 r(lina.nco it is stipul(tod tmt any person h2.vinc or assortinc{ 2,11 intc;rost in tho astute of t:10 d.ec;)asod ··' me .. y ..:mter n c,weat a;:;ainst tho t;Tsnt of letters of c:::.clnini_stration. ( oy cmphnsi s). i<Yl?lice..tion for rovoc.::-,t:i.:m, ;10,rovor, is done f:i1.,1Jx3oq_u.ont to a [;Tant. 130th ooctions 4? c..nd G2 of tho 0:rclinccnco uhich d0e,l with revocation of , 1 been t72-11ts shou thc;t this ror.1ody fo r:iov.c;b.t Hhcre tho &2.nt·h2,c1L..obtaincd th.rou@1· defoctivo :i)roceod.incs3 1 or thto:i.1.c)J. frt,ucl, illocc,li ty, non-clisclosl:U'-@ of r.. r.1Gto:ri2 .. l ossontial fact or fo:c other ro0.,sonablo ceu.so. 3o 7 tho ground.s · 1/ for t · f t t , t re1sou 1:_ovoc2. ion o tho gran wor0 no ~ juc...ica a. I c:-;lso Lc,;roo ui th Hr. K2i/)O:t' th.8.t for as, lone; cs nny. pnrt of tl1e esto.tc subsists or is unspent a lx:noficioxy or r.:.ny intorostod person can et any time c.:i;ply to court for revocation of t!10 prob2.to or letters of. f .. J.ninistr2, tion. For oxnuplo, if tho 1,orson to uhon th0 i:;Tcmt w2.,s mo.J.o r,1isusos or msapplios or raism2 .. n:'..c;os or 1mstcs tho est:";.to, a bonoficiary or other·: intorostod lX)roon nay s6ok tho rovocc::.tion of the 1,robe,to or lottor.:; of nclr:iinistr2,ti0n. Thct is why in n1l)soction (2) of soction 49 it is proviclo:l that vrhcro tho Hii;h eourt is 02..tidiocl t:1at tho Quo w1.l :,roper ac:.ninistration of tho ost2c .. to .::11:1 the intorcsto of tho p::irsons h::mofici2l;Y anti tlod thereto 00 roq_uir~, it t1cy sus1. 1 encl,. or ror.1ovo tho executor on 2.t'..rainistre .. tion of tho ~ t t T' · · tl , t d · · t "tor of n. r1,co::,.sco" ,_·q , vS i:, o. ..lJ.G 1S l)tcr .- Y DOCcUSO ['.11 OXOCU or or 8. Dlll1G jo . - -- - ~ pstc.to is in an n.nalogous position to that of a trustee who nust always act in tl10 bast interests of t'--.c costui quo trust . • '11:'.cro is thus no tine li1:li t to when l)rocood.ins"S for n:rvoc2.tion of e;-:r2vnt cc,n !.io brourj.1.t. Before tJ.-:..o l..:rwcr court it ,r.:·,o d.op::;scO. in t:10 £,:;,polk .. nt' s a.fficl,wi t about tho roo~,onclont 1 s f1°,iluro to 0ccount for tho rent ;.io collected fron .. tcmc-mts in a h,.)1)..f-JJ whj_cb. fornocl 1x',rt of tho cst<'..te. i\lr. Ko.poor who n.lso n.pj_X.Jr:..rocl for t:10 n.j)p0llc.nt bofor:) tho lower court c1i(7. not howovor 0lc,,borGto on i to I rlo not tb.ink I sh,:;ul,·: connont on it in thi:J 2,j_)poa.lo It w2.s not dis1)utccl thc,t t:,.0 vduc of tho ont,:to w2 .. u 2,l)out shillinG □ 500,000/ =• Hr. S!1iyyo naic.1. the;) IIi,)1 Court h1:,d cliroctccl tho court of 1osLLnt lir.-,2,--i.ctro,to to doal with tho ros'ponclent' s aprJlici-,.,tion for letters of [l,c.' .. ministrr,tiun, ancl, consequently vostocl that co1..u·t r:i. th jurisclictli:on. '· . T,oro is 110 doubt t::c',t )Ji:;-i;Jict Courts :!:)rcsiclo:l over by 2, · sui tc..bly que,lifiocl r.1n.c;ir:.:tr,".:.to ht'..VO juriB·."ciction t-o d.oal vi th snnll oste,tcs, -which . under section 2 of tl:c Or:lin,'.J.1co, .:re ostctos -:-.ri th a gross veluo of not more. the.11 shillinc"'S 10,000/=•• ltGur,ri.nJ t:10 rcsiclant rJ.a.:_;istrato sat :>,s district cloloe,c".to, tho nr::,xiuur.1 vc-..lue of tho estate he uoulcl l12.vo been competent to cleal vri th would l)c s::illli:ngs 15,000/==• District clolocntos 3-ro ni)pointocl by tho Chief JU1Jtico - sco section 5 of tl\o Orclirnmco.

• I ' ' . . ' ' . . . - . . - . >. , ··<"~.f

5 I couJ.:l finI ni provision in tho Ordinance w~:..rol)y the Hi 6h Court is or:ir.:;"troroc to confer jurisdiction to a District Court or a District Dcluc;::.to ovor estc.tos of a v2.,luo oxcooclinG 10,000/= ancl 15,000/= rosl!octivoly. So~ if tho Ilij1 Court p.rrportc,l to confer on tho court of .i:l.ooi':..cmt I1ai31-strc:,tc at Arusho.. juris,iiction to deal with an ost2,tc valu.ocl ht shillinGS 500,000/=, thd authority is ui thout legal bnsis 2.ncl ineffective. Tho Court of Rosidont Mac;i;:,trtt:to Arusha had acted without ju.r:i.a.:.1..iotion in tho Probate 8..nd. Aclr:ri.niotration Cr:.uso No.l of 1986. It follo1m. thc,t ;:my orclors it Dc-:b in th;:..,t ccusc ncro of no loi::;nl effect. They u,)rc null r.ncl void. Mr. Shiy-y-o roforrocl to section 86 (1) of tho Ordinc:mco uhich ho ffL1.-:,•::.;0stccl curocl tho 2.ssur.1:rion by tho Court of Rosilont Ma,GPj_strr,to at Jj.I'V.IJh2,. It s2.ys ~ - "No np1)oint0:.mt n2.,:lo of an r:;2rainiotrc..tor under this Pr,rt (i. o.Pc:1J:'t VIII whicl1 do2,ls wi t'..1 the practice rnd procc:lure in o.rri:>ointint2;, ,'.nd rovokinc tho appointnont of 2..clr:d.nistfr,tors of sncll cste.,tos). slmll bo inva.lid by reason only ti:at it i::; afterwarc1..s t'Liscovo:cod that tho vc,,luo of tho c7orm osttto of t:w t":.ocoo,sod exceeded ten thous£:..ncl shillincs, but u;1or0 it 1x.10onos 2.waro of such ccse~ tl1::, rlintrict co1.,1.rt s11r.ll rc::LJ,):ct t]10 un.ttor to the Hit3'.l-1 Court which, if it t:1inkB fit, r:1ny C,TMt probr,to or letters of 2.-:lr.1iniDtrc:,ti,m 11 • To start ui th, tJ:c rospond.ont o.nrl tLo .Ho.sidont l-hc;istrc.to::; court wcr,:i <'-n,,ro rij1 t fron tJ:to lJoc_;inninc; th2.t the :.ik:tc was worth 2-l:.out s:1illincs 500,000/=• It u2,i:; n.jt 0, f(Gt ,/,ich w2s cliscov,r:::C. cltonmrds. Furt:1ori:1oro, wlrnTo 0, District court, or c.)1.1:ct o:f rosidont n:.',;.i.otrn.to for thnt rar-,ttor~ cor;1of::l t,) rorlise V:,,t t210 v.::,J.u::: of tho cste.tc oxcoorls their pocunir.Ty ' ju..1·:i-u:.1.:i.ction aml they report t:J th0 lliJ1 Gov.rt, :Lt is not □ aid tl12.t tho Ili:-} 1 . Corrt cr::n allou tho suk,i 0 c"'..in.:.,to c:YUrt to continua to cloe.l wit>. t:10 r:iatt.JI'• R2,t1or, it io t:10 Hi ;.i Court 1,:1ich ir:.l c;ivon tho option of proceeding to ::,re,nt tho probnto or lotkrs of aclr.1inistr0tion, if it thinks fit. Tho uoru.:3 11 if it thinks fit" explain tho rot,oon for tha uord "oay 11 ucocl in t:20 section. I W11S intrie,uod. by Mr. Shiyyo Is ro:foI'Ol1CO to soct:Lon 41 of tho i-ln.,:ir.::tr.:-,to I s Court ii.Ct 1984 ro2.d toe;-oth::,r wit>.: tl:i.o second schoclulo of tiat Act n:.\cro it is 0J101-m t)mt in respect to Cnp. L1r45 i. o •. the Or.lina.nco, Di;3trict Cou:rts whon hold by Civil 1-i(.,i:;istratos roforonco to tho Or..linanco r;ioanr:; t1.1e wholo orclinanco. ln1D,tovor th2.t exactly G1ny rncE;.n, it c.annot bo sail:. ·to r.10E:J1 thnt tl10 juriEJc':.iction of ,1iy3trict or· rosid.,:mt n~,c;ietrr., to I s courts in probate an,:. £c, 7 .ninistration ntottern in by virtue th::irc;of tho car:io e,:::i tmt of tho such (,,t,_. drr,stic r.r.1onclr,1ont to t10 orr.:'.ino.nco in that r:w .. nno:r. ••o/5 It was not •••

: ' i,:;_, ·' * ... 6 It wc..a.1 not disl)utcxl. t~~2.t in_ 0,pplyinc; for lottc:cs of 2::lriunistr0tion to the c,Jurt of rosLbnt uc..c;istrc..to, tho ros:xm,lont or.mi tto:1 to filo :-,n 2.:lT:unL3tration boml, en c . .''..ninistr2-tor's 02,th, c., c-Jrtificato as to tho fint'.1'1.Lic.l posi ticn of. t:o uurotios, cons:nt of t 1 ,o :.ioirs, if o.ey, boin3 t)10 solo ,,dLu.nistrc;tor, D-n f'..ffLle,vi t c,s _per soctj_on 32 of the or.lin2,nco, if thzt w,1,s rolow.nto It i•:,2,lly 1.102.nn · thr.t t]-.o ros:poml:mt li:7. not . rcquiro □ onts . c,mply- ,·rith Dost of tt.c ••• : of :aulo 39 of t>.o ?rob2.to c.m~:. 4.lrninistr, 0 ,tion ,1ulcs. ; Mr. :]lliyyo UI)Jl t'.·.u.t tho r.:.cfocts in th0 :;:•off;Y)nclcnt applicv..t:: . .')ll l'or bttor •:if 2.c.1-r:iinistrc-,tLn ::.o not r.12.ko it r.1rn.::lc:--,tc>ry for this court to r "VOke t 1 ·" ·r···nt It ~ '' -true t 1 -- ... t t 1 •o 'T·'"•mlr, ··"-r -o-vok"'" "' ,.,,.,;,11't ....., .· .. l>.J G 1.. • --,·> l .• :.,. .!.: .. <..., .w. i..) V.. ...... 1. .L ,.J. .L ,. .LJ.J.{) c..;, l,)..L.c·., stiJLLl.2.tocl. in soct:i.:::in t;.9 (1) clo r10t sw;,;ost tl:.2.t rovoco.tion is D2.11:ktory. T,., c,:-.r,o t 11 1· ll" 1·,.. "P¥l"··,,1t ·-·n " rn,,rli" n of '',·110 116 0.,,. tlo ·•::,ulc,.. ... _v i..:.,cJl.1 .:... t.) μ c.:, l <... ... .iv.1.. i..;,1. c... \J(;L•. l; .1.1....,.. .L _.1. .!.. 1:,• co1).rt b.£'.s i. C:'..iscrot.icn -.r:·.;;t 1 ,:i'r or n.)t to orcl.or- rovoc2,tion. T's--, .l .• v Tn t'v, ...,,, ... ..,s,1 ,w,,'o•- 0 ·: ,...,,,,,:,..,.> ,·,n I 1 (J ll"'t ·.1."'in·' J. 0 t ll·"'COr•,,:,c,.,..y to , 1 ,·c1· ' 1 0 . ..L -- ..... x'J!VC..:.. .,1..1.J.-.- J. \ •• L) . .i.JVl.f,,J"')..Lv J. V --• ,,_ - ,:,~ ... C....Livi t11 ~ .. v ... I,. n:::.oti-ior or n0t the fr .. ihtro by t!10 ros-v•Or.tLbnt to coL1)ly fullybulo 39 t. ·, ri:,:Ju.lc".. aocef_;sc.rily lo[:,:. t,J r·.:.wocc.tion. This L; 1:;)Cc.,uso I tl.7.i~ tlo q_u.'.)stion of lc·,ck r;f J·uris:'..iction i', on-Ju,,, f:Jl' c'l::ltorr:un:i.:1: tho f0to of t!.:.is P::,DDc:,l. :..;}-!- •.J I ·- ..... I t)::.ink t:rt ur..inly f,;r t>.,: ro2.ssn '.)f wc:mt ·'.)f j-c 1 1:is:.'1.iction tho letkrc of e,,:'.r:1inj_str2.ti0n ,;r~:ioh -r:n·o Grr,nto::.:. to tho ro::r_:)n:_.,_cmt Lrust bo rovokoc'.. In offoot · th,; r.1,pce,l ifJ t:11:)UOLl ui th oostn • I :-.,·.Yo not foun::~ it i::o:,:1polling- in t:1.is E'.~:)02-l for no to .;1eko s:;)ooific obsorv::ctiona on ·i;::•.:) nooc1 f:)r oxocutorc: .::jn:".. c.1/.r.1inistri:tors to · oxorciso ~bsoluto c:oc:. fc,i th cnl honostly in lonlin{;' with tho csti,tos of 0.oco.::·,ood. :.)0:rmns. Su.c:1 ol)sorvations r:rust ai,r2..i t t;1,3 2.j,1prorJrie.tc occe,ss:L'.'ll• 3v0rythinc !'.r,;; :i. ts timo encl 1,lc.00, it ir-J saicl. At, .ti.ru.s>.2.. 26/10/90 ~) .. · u/c .· J 01 •• J,GOSO . ~ JUJG:J Mr. Shiyo for ;cu:s;_-,;:m·.::mt L;_Jpellc.nt 1,ror:Jont ~-n parson. J;J:I/Sl..S ·-r