Harun S. Ngahemera vs The Republic (High Court Criminal Appeal No. 153 of 1989) [1990] TZHC 55 (10 September 1990)

o:·rn:;L.ill.1, c:a:;LLL 01..s;.-; :i::ro. 1048 OF 1986 OF JI8S.1JlJCi 1 CCUP..T 0-;;' IL..::.LL ·;IS:11.liCT .ll.T ICTSUTU K1:..1◊-:.:3:- l.F. Kii':L.'80, I;SQ.., RESIDENT fiLGIS'::Jltl.:D 1-m:::::rrr:HER.£1. •••••••• 0 •••• 0 •• 0 • • .fl.PPELLJ1HT ( ORG. lCCUSND) versus ::-iTIJ R.F.:J:BLIC •• 0 0 • • • " • " 0 • ••••• ., ••••• • RESPOrJ:D:cI.TT ( ORG. PRO::fc:;CUTOR) JUD G LUGAICTHGIR,":.2 J:- This appc::'.1 ['.J;::..;:;<:s fro:1 tho decision of tho District Col1..i - of Ila.la. at IG.sutu (Kimo.ro 3 sm:) 3 L.1 ;-rl1icb. t:· .. r; 2pp,,lln.11t Harun Sr, Ngohcmer2. i or Ngahemera) was convicted o1 _:Zo:-..y;c:r:,, uttcri112: ru1c. ob·aining money bt fclc( pretences. !-'G was claimed -'Ghr.:c 011 9.L:.,D5 tt.e: c".::-,cllm1t fo:-:.·gorl a chP'.".'..le I'Tc• • .1'\ ♦ •• '0019 for 406,855/= pl.ll'portinc: ·;;o s.':ow t.h2..t i-'c l'.c:d boon issued by tho T,· 1 ;o.,nin. Investment Baa.tlq that 01111~:.85 :10 uttcrcc. tho sci.i.d ch::iquc a.t the rln,sclo '.::mso Branch of tho Nationn,l Bc"".li.: of' Co::1mcrcq en(. -;.ic._:;. on tho s:cmc occasion }.c, obtninoo 360,000/ from the scicl Branch on the ;:, -:;rc."2gt!1 -of the 02id cheque,. FoL ::; iing conViction he was awarded co110t;.rro:1-ii priDo;~ sc-11·i;0i-:i.Jcs of throe ,7c2..rs for :< -rgory, three Y cnrs for uttori.1c o.11cl. si:;r ;;:::.ro :.:'0 __,·;j~,1.1 .. r.i:,1[;" mnr." 0 r by fclsc : l' ,tcnccs. Tho ., appon:l was c. 0 cinst conviction only :·.:.eel ,.'-s ,.rJucc. for the r:.ppcl.::. trli by learned cow1sol Hro I1dr2v. lh'• Sirnb::-.2~ .... l;c c,ppoc.-rod for the Rep½blic. ~ t 3pa:ration of ·i;his judgment su;..'-'fcrod dclQ .;.n c, vT. . .in t.%c.,1pt to obtain the doc t \cntary cxhibi ts tondcrod at tho ·cx-ic.J.. I e:m thorcfo:;.'c n·i tirJG· tho. judgment ui th, •t t lu1Ving soon them, tt .I run cncol'!XO.CCd to do so i·i tou.t :fcc:a:- of error _by tl10 E ;isi vc mind .:..-:,-t · tho lon.rnod tti.:::,l m.:::,;istrato r:nd tlic lu.c~ ni ty tr1ct charcJ.ctcriscs 1 •r judgments. The fo.cts rovcci,1 a well orgn:.1ioocl pla.n to dofrn.ud tho br1.nks, On 9.4.85 the TanzaniD- Investment ·:ac1,nk (TIB) is:mcd. a cheque lfo.,120019 (rtii .. :i•) for 4CC 1 855/c: pcyc.blo -o tho P.rincipn.l Sccrctc.:r,7, Treasury, uhicl1 ua.s C:l ly received at tho Troe,stU'Y, b..."'.t1!wc1. and, su1Jscc1.-uo1ri;ly cJ.c2.1:c.d. n.t Iasdo House who',. the TIB •.- I • • • mclntains c.n n.ccollirt lfoo 29178-c, On tno sc.mc, dcy_ 2notl1cr cheque of th-1 same number nnd sruno rn10L'X (:ilihoP3) pu.rpol'tod to issue froli1 tho TIB, but it::i.s was peyablo to Hossrs. I·Ti'ln:;i G<.nor:::1 Sn:):)lio::, ['J1d Cont::--c.c·~oro, a firm 1-r:·. 1 lly \

~~-·1if;" . ~ - , • ow11od by tho n.l)})Cll<:;rc. Accordin:':-,- -;;o -!;ho 11cmi ttnnce AdVioc (R;:.1. P19) which accomprmicd ·;;::2is c:1oquc 9 nnd MCOJding to_ the appcllmt himsolf,i t was an ad:tranoc p2.:rL1Jcn-l; :?or office stc:;ionory 11lld equipment ·i;o be supplied by the appol1Mt 1 s Zin11 to tho Tr-nsc.nia Imrootmcnt B: nk.. On 10.5.D5 the a,ppcllnnt proscn-!;ocl tho cheque r:.t I):.sc,lo !louse w11cro his fi:rm ;:1cint0,i11od an oocount No. 36325, ~)l:.-'c it wo.s rcjcc-i;ocl by tl1.o Ba.nk SupcrVisor, _ Cecilia Malwngoro ( P:~10); 1(10 ro-t·J.:·ncd i ·i; ·:::o t:10 D..ppcllr-c1t ,·Ti tl1 ::- .. n cnclorscmont - 11 1 st dJ:'awor 's oicn2,·L·J:·c o.if:fc::rs". :Uoiicvor the. nozt da.y t:_1c c..1)pcllru1t presented the choquo Dt,'-:::.in ::-::.1c1 ·c:1i ::J -time it uc,s cloc..rod by FflO a.fte:r she had been Mau.red by the Bo.nlc I-1.".lit;o;;.' 9 Cletus Fgombcro ( Pr-r8) 7 fo2.t tJ.10 signr.:;;-_w.'CS hncl been vorif'iod .. I• Indood PWlO l'..llc0

dc -:;.'.,.-i; even en -:.'.:c :,1rcv'ious dcy ,.;ho c.ppc:.J.::n-t ucs introduced to her by Mr. It;o;·.1:)c.ro .-r.".:o o.s~~ccl :::.c.x ,.;o tssist him. In hi:3 oVic:J.cnce, howaver 1 Bo tll2..t 0,3 it mo..:.': tho t'..ppcllont proooadcd to withdrn.-1 360,000/= 01 -::.t s'.I.:c 0cc-2,r.ion, i.e. 11.5.85~ c..nrJ. smcllar .-rithdrrlrols ..folloued in quic:: nuccc,:;.:i:n., 1 ::Lc ::.·r: . .. 1t"~ bccnnw obvious lr.° .011 sor.icone in the posti°ng soc'tio:.1 c:~ :b::£.0 :c:_:c;G qu .. ::::-i, - tl:,u ,:'!:l::ionco of t:1-' Dr.l1.l::: ::or I s sigl'l<.'1.turc on tie c'..ioriuo. L::',::,are:.:tl,7 ::. -~ l1ad to be ondorsccl b:1l bo·c:1 FtflO e1ncl Ju-. Mgomborc. P:ao -t.'.1,,:•/or,, tool~ ·:.\c cl-:.cquc to Hr. i'Jgorrtborc io::. endorsement h .bu.t ho dcclinecl. Irn:r'.io;.-.c~ l::.c .:;u.c,, __ ,o:, cd ~ -:-,11.0ct,in. Invc3tme11t Bc.-u1k o:'. ::icio..ls as uell Investment R"..nl::: ofl'i:Jie:.l;., (.:.:.z;:;c,ci.:.;ucl t··:cmselves from the cheque !Thilo the t i;i,ppolhnt mcin,Jdnocl t.:,.D,-c the c!1c1t:•.:- W.:1.8 deli vorcd to him by one : Itnmbi who had negotiated tho Olll)Plr of :::t~·.-:;ioncr:~ ::J.1cl office equipment. Ile wr.:i led to the T,mzonio. Invest::ion-li Bc..11lc o:':?:l.oos J!'.t !1c )ould not point to this i:Go.nbie o mn.tter wc.s rc:for::-ocl fo -c::c :;::ic:li"c ·f:o ov· ntu..c..lly chnrged tho c..prc 11.mrt o.s st.:.vod boforc. In his dofc11c0 .;110 ,,i:)}''--::cJ:·;; ,;·c::-;o: ·cJ:w.t on 19.4.85 he ware, -visi tcd by Mtmnbi who cskocJ. fo:r e:, Profor.iilo. Ir:voico ::--,:c· the supply of s·btio:-1:. ":Y and other oquj.praont to iGhe f;::.in:::;ru.1io. I:cvcs·c;·.,or.:c :&,,1:.:-. He prepcxod -'cuo invoin( s one (E:d1,P.20) dr:co6. 17.4.85 (i/'c ·:,;u C>.:rs b ?ore i'Hni-:1bi 1 s Visit) f01 ')08,400/ci nnd tho other (n::.1.P21) do.tee::. 19,.4-. J5 for 30.3,000/= a.nd gr::.ve tl10n t, Mtarabia S01i1otiu1e in Ney Etc..:1bi hcr)t,;_)1t >2.:.1 ··.:.__ co1t:ro,;·orsicl choqt.i.o (Ed1. f : clang With ·the Rcr.ti. t·t""1ce AdVicc (::.i.1:., Pl:)). S}l1c. tri.:::.l com,t notocl 1 l:.ouc -c t' 7 that . Ex:h.Pl.9 was de.too .. 19, 3.85., -:io.t ir.; 1 ,. 1;.,olo nonth before the 0llog i Visit by Mti::.wbie And i-~ uiJ.l bo rccdloC.. the,·;; t:.to cheque wn.s itself de:,k !_ 9.4.85, that is 1 ten cl0Jro 1)c1ore tllc n.l10:3·or:'. Vioit bj,~ that ;:ic.n_ The n.p1)olL ~ 'G wont on to sriy thr.:.t u:.w;,1 t.'.10 c:.10quo WG.::::; TeJocted on 1005.85 lle uro·~o ·~o t· ., To.nznnia. Investnent Bnnl:: co;;1plcini:ng .:mcl 1;-it!:d.n G. ::1attor of thrco hou.rs ritonb:, .;urnod ♦ 0 • • /3

t.1-ic n.ppollcnt t:10 lollouine di:fJT 1:!icn ·:;;20 c.ppollr-.nJ" uont to prcso;.1-c it agD.in n.t l'fu.sdo .Rouoo. BuJ.; ro,(i:;:ig tl:c cv-iLlcmcc of FJlO botwoon tho lines, nnd according to the ·b.:ic..l ;.1;.g·L:riirc·:;c ~~-·. 1 0 sc,u tho s2no, t::..o c1.wqtc bore no onond,,,, wont. Tho 1:'..l:,pollciY~_ --once lonicc'.. ·cllo c:.:i.c.rgcc n.n(L cl2iacC. t:i.2:i; tho choquo was '" bona, fide p::·;·_1()1t lor, go?ds jo oo c"' .. oh vcrod, Ho olcit1Cci. t::i.r-.t 110 used tho 30,000/= t_o pu.rc.,-~~-e ·i;l:o.:J gooc.ls o:;:el_o:r·ccl. 2- .. i.1Cl st.::cd tb.nt tho 'l12l1Z2.i.riv.. Invcstocnt B.'1nk rcfusccl ci.cJ.ivor_- ,-r:.1cn jho chcc1.:c l)l'oblcns cropped up. }:o gc,vo the ., inprossion tl:-.c;i; ·i;l10 gooc:s were s-!iill lying at lris pronisos. i · Tllo ·lcc.:c;.1cc;_ Sc:.rioJ: Rm3iclc:1t H:-cistxn.to .found thri.· :t.'.-.e chcq_1.tc Er..h.P3 W"'....S a f o:r;gcry 0 I·i; ccrt,:i:1lr was,. T.b.e:1'0 1rc..s o:-:p0rt .hcndwri ti:c1g ovic.:cmcc which the r.1ngis"iirp.tc believe~:, .:-..n(:. I ht.,vo' no cr:.L'.::JC -i;o offer n, c.li:ffc1·c1rt vimt, that the pu;rportcd sign;:-;i;LU'cs on ·i;;10 c:1oqt,o br 'l'anznia Invcstncnt Bn.nlc officicls, RT4 and PW5, wore for[:;·orioa. The two o:?/icials .lso d.is·ow11od tho signa.turcs•· Porhc'.l.ps_ the .,or;t prossi11 0 quesJcion is ul20tl1cr the appall ·:..n·i; wc.,s r,.,ssociatod with ·!;110 forgery. T:10 lor:l'ncc .12--gistr.-i;c Cf,"D.-i-11 found thn;t he .-r:i..s-, and I scy tha:t sho ·wo.s mtitlod to i'i1if1. so In scy"'ine so,_·I clo;ro to clcc:l' 'L'-."? 0110 rao/.;tcr. Tho trin.l t1r.gistrr,·;;o seabed to waver c'..S to 'vJhothor tho ci1cq1-i_c u. s issued by Tt>Jlzc.nia Invostwm· 11.::.nlc offieic1ls o:r ,-rhothcr tho u-ppollc1n·i; 0..0·0 l ;.1croly in collusion ui Jh -wa. o clcf'cnco coLmscl c'..t tho trial n.ncl iI:i:. :, L,ira. boforo no r.1ai11tai-nod tl:.<'..·i; tho cb.oqu.c w2,s ism.co. by Tn.11z2.nic, Invos-c:.1011·;; :3::-nk officials .. In my m:n:.1ind;ion oi -110 cviclc;1cc, I find ·the contcnJ.;ion jL1.o·Jif:. )d. F.i.rstly, ulloqor prcpc..:rcc-:.. -:io o:ioquc socns -o :11.v-c b(;Gi.1 QWn.t'o o:2 ·the J"JI'O J :-:i.'C.:ion of o. sir.ti.lor ·cl:cquo :fo1• tho Troaou.ry. .i.cco:;:ch113 to P::3 the pr-occsG : )l' the prcpn.rr:liion of tho- Trcasu:ryrs clicquo cor:::-.101100 1 .· 011 :I·'.J.2,.85. It is then :;.1otd tlmt tho R . t-'- 1 d . ' . ' . . . 1 " lJ t 1 ' . ' ' 19 3 85 o,·.u. \IQ.1100 .... VJ.CC wuo1 O,CCOi"Jp.:::.11,;·:. ·.;.w .:i.ppo .&i s C1lGCf1..'.C iTC.,J ( ''.:\iau. • • ' thn.t is, n. dr:-y lr.:o::-, .?.,,f1J. the cho-;1..W i t-:wlf Wet,S issued on the 1 t.i'Jcdcy as tho Troaau:ry''s choc 1 uc .. Secondn.ly, it ,,c:s not ::lispukd thd ·i;!1l .1c;:1ittenc9 AdVico n.forcscic.l c.1c.nc;ocl fron tl:..e Tl' . .nz:-;.1i2. Invostncnt R1!:,:.. 1 ~ Wc.S stated cy P!f4, c:inc.l I q'c:o·c, 11 :J;::11.F.1.9 is ro.::i·i;tc. 1cc rclcl'.l1ce ( ?). I·i; xc1, ;.1blcs thct of Tnnzani{:'.. Lwostncnt :.!Jc1-1i!c issue(:'. !)jr Ilr Th-,G.nn., but I hc.vc :no·i; < .< ::i,l t with it." Thirdly, n.l·i;'..l.ouc:1 HT4 ·c.ncl P.'75 clo1L:l the siJ'lrn.turos on t:10 :: 1oquc, and f ouncl support in t:10 hc..:.1cwri ii;1g ov'idcncc, they concoclcd tJ.1c.:'.; tho i, signatures appeurod or pt:rpoitccl to be their m-ni. I~ rcquirocl so;:100;.10 no·~ m :; 7 with aocosa to the bru1kls clocuacn-ts but o.lso Tiell l1tt.b: tun.tad to thcso of:Zicic'..'.. 3 1 signatures to be c1blo to ,.1C.:.:c such soc;:ur1gly pox:bct ir.1i tn.tionsc In r.iy 'View, · hcrcforo, there was circtt:1stC'...11tial avid.once o:t n, na.-turo th1:'..t irrcsisJ.;i 1)1.y poJ r. tod to the conclusion thv..·~ t:.10 c:1oquo issuoc~ :i:r-on JQo offices of tho Ci:r:.;.izc-..niv.. '.: vestnont a--m.1c. ...... /4

" .,,. ~ : 4 g That sc:icl, t:10L'.g21, I :find untc;112,0lo tho n.rgllinont tlmt the appellant hnd no-'Gh:.ng to do witl2 t:lC J.01"gory. LJ observed by tho lec,rnod Senior Resident l\fo.gistrato, the o.,ppollr-nt ':·T0s not su:rprisci:l whe:n he wo.s gi vcn c c!'l.equo antedating his nllcg-cd ;;1oct;inJ wit:). I-1t2abi; he was not surprisccl. tha/G the Remi ttancc Ar.lVicc oocompnnyi1;; sn;·,10 uo..s elated even much 02.rlicr, indood he wo..s not surprisec: t::o..'li those doc1,1·.1onts wore m::1cle out in hie firm.-':: name before ho ha.cl hO,Cl a.l.1,Y' contc.ct wi tJ.2 H-uii1bi. Tho only ron.so:·X1,ble conolusion ia tlm-t ho was involvccl rom tho boci11:.ri.:..1B·, long before ho propr..rcd -he invoices, oarlior tho.n tho n.J.logccl Vioi t b.:r .m;cr11bi. Thr.: prcpnr2.;cion of the invoices was pa.rt of the enterprise. liurt.:.101'i,!Ol'O, when the choqu.Q 1'7['..S first rejected he was content oclmly to :p:roocnt it; .:-. :;·mn wi tl1 all its imper.f'oc·;;ions. That it .nov wont tb.roL\g. shows the e;-:tcnt ._.f the conspiracy. F:i.11<."',ll.7 1 he li toro.lJ.y pounood on r..lt10s-'i; r..ll the r.:oncy tl1:.1t ·/ic cheque reprosontocl ;;rt ·t:..o vory moment that i· us l)[>..ssed. T'.acsc fac·>)rs justified the -liri0,l mncistrcto in finding tha.t tl10 .:ippollmit wn.o c p~•t? to the mo.king of J:;ho chcc; :r.o; and thoro wt1.s justifior..tion 101· convic•:inc hira 0:1 count one ho.ving regartl t.o tho provisions -of S.22 (b) of J11l10 Ponr..l Codeg Q£op£,:o. Hri.lter v.R. 1977 LRT n.5? (198O)TLR 313." It only OCOl'..!'G to ;.10 to· :;oir:[; ou·· -!illa;t tho porticuln:i:s oi :,lfonce in com1t one did no-Ii n.llcgo 8ll intention to dcf:r:· .. u.cl or to deceive. There c..re a.uthoritios here Md there lT:.1icl1 hold tt a ob.ergo of f1·:.,·-,r;/ mus·~ ['..llc;'.1·~ , t, intention to dofra.ud or to clco'.Ji vo, -::1ml .:f;eto.l consoi:t,:onccs :1i'."..'rc froquc11Uir :-;,;·condod tho omission. mn:tor a.s, I ·'·' 1 i• 1 •· ',r, 7 ·:evc"' t'··,·'· -::'• "'C· ,...,., . ..,,iot be 0, h".rc.1 ··:r: ·" l.4i.,...,w,, •••..,II• J..' .1.J,(, • CJ V- .u. ,ll., • ..LJ,,1,.,. C. .... Ll .. ._ ,,.!1,.. ul .1 • .; .. 1..,·'·0 1 • ·;ell c ... o 'Y'lr·•'· ·"'c· J·uc1,.,.cd 0·1 1· t"' f•,c-!-" I.I.a:.!! ,.,c., J..J' 1 Uc... c..-v ,1.H.,.., V J.J .. < • .1. •,;;, t.,. ->,.>, 1 (; I'ulo in tho· r,.:,1co, there is _!...also pors.W.sivc t'.u:;.'..wri ty for the pr0po:::;:i •ion t1:1.t where tlw nt,/co;'.1c.nt of off(:;i.11 oocuro,tcly so·s OLtt ·tlw of:l:'cncc bL!t -:i.u : ::.rticulnrs. of 0f':.::'c11cu c;:i. ·?; rm csscnticl. ing:roclicnt thorco:Z, tho o;.1i S'.Ji 01:. j:c s ::o·c rcKlor t:1c r.:.;." J.'gc b2.(1, h:t. sLnply ~ f t · ·.. , " J. , •· :, • f ·'·! --, ,,. .... • ..... ·· · .. -·· ··· '. ..,.,..,.,,. · ,,-i or C1,C CC l.VO or J..:lpcr:cCCu 1 :.,,1:... J. t,.l ... - ,:..!., ... :·CT.Osl 1S a.t,1, C.1.)Q...,.;f.'.L· .. ProJ' 11 diccd + 1 1c-·.1.c 1v:r "'L10!1 def· ·1,'· 1' r• , .•.• ,,.)l··, T:, ·t'•,·· P,,-,,1· c,}, C" .... ~ < 1· :) V "-'\ V. ' l;.;I .. •• ,V .J ·• '- ... , .... ,...... --· ··-'-- J..J ..... J_ .. '-•"'.;),; . -...:!:.!.....! ,T-V:' t · C ( 1960) 2 .,n - , 49• J.,, · '.,, ... ·.11 · ,-1- ·•"' .; ,,,,.: ·,' · ;: ,,,,,, ,, .... • '1) f J.'·W. l, l .&.-1,,N .. J ♦ J:I.• _. . .,), v.,.c ......... .. n:__.., ,.,,·.::.J ..1.,J. ... -- ........ ·C-• .... l,,, ... .. ... 0-. ...,.: \ .. 0 tho :El=plosivo St.1brr:;<'..'..:cv:; •. ct, 1,3Ci3, ·:t:.:ioL: •-"'-c:'.c i"t L, fc:i.011,;r for-'· 1:'son "kl1owi11gly" "i;o :.1.,wo in :1is posscs::::io:1 2-11 ccplozivo su'bsk:1co i:'1 lX - iculn.r oirou.-nstmiocs. '.l1hc pc.r·!iiculn:rs cf cflc:,.cc· c.:1i t·ccl th:: ..rorc.1. 11 10.1011i:?, L.;.r". n,·,on crnvi· cti· 011 ····,c ...,,JT'lulla.i.~~- ·ppc...,lc-''. ,J:·, ·.·,u ·"rc:i-··· .;.•,,.,t t: 1 0 1· ,,,,; c --,c·1t w. as \Jl-' • • v_. '---' .... .i;· (.. • 'J ( • ., <..,1 .... ...... v. .. - I.A.;......... v ... J.c..... J.,.. ., • ....,_ ,J ,l. bw-;1 and that he hC!.Cl 1)00;:: crrc.,ic:1c'. c.n [ .:.r.::-,:::istc1·' cl':::'cnce. 'E.1c . :. ll't of Crimi•:inl pp-1 ""CJ·roJ.od. -t· 1 1c ,.,..,. . .,,.1c-··'· :-,1.=•;.,., (" ;' t·-,....l. tl1ot:1.c-h ·'·'1n y• l"d J. c.., 4• ,,t,,1 W ,,., -' IJ .,_ c.,..,..._ 1 ........... -- V .. .l J ~ --.- .. ...:,.i, ., ..... t.v V '"b.,.,. U. V •• ,J 11 knowingly 11 s!·:oulc.l hc.ve been inclLt-•-- '. ::..!1 the pn.rticu.l.::i.rs of -he offc::. :-::.1, its omission dic1 not ac}::o -.'10 indict::iu2·~ br..d lJ: .. /:i 01l,7 J.o:fccti vc or iaporfc. t; nnd, (ii) that lo1ouloc--·, uhic: .• w:::.::: .::.:1 ossc,:ti~.1 L1g:::-odicnt of the offo.co, was estc::.bli shccl ,,t ~ ... 1 20 tr:. ;:-.1, c::::, c:.s :.10 0;:,j[.l,rI'.:1.sc::-,c1·: t or prcjuc1ioc h.nd. boon Cfl 11 scd to tho ".nnoll···,·'· '·• ·'·'·:·. r--· 0 ~- .. , ,,., -:··· ·,.. '.·,c · • --,o "'L,'us·'·",,·'.·i· ...,1 J,\ .._ J; ••- V -. •• ..l • -· .. -- .. vJ.-,. '-'• • .,-- -:.to. • .J. · •-·• i.;. Ii.> ,. Vt.,. __ ,. U LI,,

' 5 mifuc&""riagc o::: ,·.::r:;ico. Aftur o·:)sor·v--:L;1g tb.1:-c-;; tho indictrn0a· otJ.orffise set out the o:Z::Ciloeo i::.COt.'..I'atoly, -;;}1.0 Com't sto:kcl t.l::.2-i:; tho c[l:cr.:rio;1 .raised in the appc2 . .l u2,G n.1ot 0::.1 tho basi::: -:,.t: the ihdictr:1en·~ c:iscloooC:. no offence lmown bu·;; -;;;:rn:;; it clooc:'i bed a mcr,;·1 o:C:'?0:100 wi Jc.:1 i:;.1complu·cc 1x•..:;.,·icu.lars. 11 T:J.is decision u<.·.o :2olloHod. by tllc, :'.:.-i[}l Coui·Jc of Ugancl ii.1 .o_;:i_W-·r Opale Ia.wo v.R. (1962) ~~.::... 661, w;J.icll :.:clcl ·&.12.t a similm· omission uns a curn.blo defeoJ.; wider s. 331 o-Z Uf:.-;,ncln_"s C1'i . .1i:.:,:;.,l Proce-:1u:rG Code. In tho in:T,.a-:; cc.so t.1.10 stc;co.-.10:r of of:Zonco nccurc;;;oJ.7 c7.oscri bee. the offimco n.s xcqt!il'ocl ;Yy s.135 (o..) (ii) o 1 t:.io Crimi1tcl.,?r909.:":.ui,o Act. 1985, but -...1. -:.[,-..:. :::.:.1 111"uCl1 u10.l 1,0 ' -'me pf:\rticulc:cs 01 o:Z:: 0.1cc: omittoc1. t.ol.o:i'..'rn.ud ox to decei vc.· I •;;;:rink: that tho omis·sion did no·~ ;i1n,.'..;:o the charge a bC!d chn.rgo 1 but sL;1)l: 0 c. ci.cfoctivo or imporfoct one. In I!cVi"'cio the Com··t o:i: Cximilml Appcc.l s:·_c:. -~~1.:-.t r,.. boo chc.rge would be one clisclooii. no off once l;:;.10-:-r;.1 to the lt?r, for c:;.:,:' . .i".lplo .-rhorc it we .. s ldd 1.u10.or r- .. sJ.;[',;u-;;ci 1rllich J.100 boc:.;, :cc ;c,:,.,lod nnd not ro-on-::c·tcc1 In tho Ct:'..Be before mo, :forc;a1y io D.J.l off once unclo:i:, ·;;j_o lr.w m1cl t:.10 isc1.10, -~~io:re:forc, is not tlin."'li the cilir-.riS·c d.ooclosod no la1own oil• -.:100 but -chc1.t i JG clcc.c:ci Jed r... !01ow11 off cnoo 1-ri t!1 incomplo·c pc:,:;:,·iculr.-,rs. If -;;.10 r,p:_)ollon-li uns no-b om")c.::rc.ssccl or prejudiooc1 by -J.).o omission tho dci'od i;.i CUI't'.,blc. I :.1c,ve no .:.:..csi· ;.:-.Uon in seying that .,:.o u.::.s no· embn.rrnssed.. He wr:.s mrnxc thc.t ho uc.s 1·ocuirod to dofond ainst ru1 i1rtcn·. ·:;o defraud or -'co C'..occi vo for the wlwlo sc.'.20ac o:-! his def anco was gccll."od c.t s;.J.m-Ti:.l[:;' t:1.;.,_t llc w2 .. s r.. 1)onc:. fide recipient oi -;;;_20 c ... a(Uc pursuant to r.:, contrc,c·- to supply goods to tho Tc.nr:;n.1u.n. Investment Bc.,;l2.:. r·t is n.lso no.,ti ;,ri thoi.tt significr..i:100 -h:1,t this issue uet.s aovor rriiscd by· lo,'.'.:l.'lwc:.. ,:·Jw1scl ai thcr c'..t tho trial o:r bc:7orc t;1is Court. In t:.:c circums·i;m1cc:s, ·c:2io i;;; ::. proper ons in whioh to i:i,ppli; ·c:.,.c provisions of s. 3813 of the Criiilinc..l Procc~~rr_, Act. I11 doing so, I suir;;:'.in J-;;10 conviction 011 cotnt one. !11hc rcr11ci1rl11C;· cou;.1ts pr<.?scn-'i; 110 pxo:,lcm. In connection ui-'. 1 -'.;!10 second nccount, there uc..s ·:.:ic r..ppollnnt'o own ".c1;:.;::;;:;ion of prc;--;c::·i;L<;· ·i;~c · .. 1oquc ;t Mo.ado Rouse, 'Em o1fcmcc of ut·i;crin(;;· i :· r::on::-+.;_-:u.ted bir J.1oiiineJ.1 .:\ild. tho samo mus·b be a.if1:!.:i.'o of its fc..lsi·i-· ·-:.K:.. :·. : . .:t .,c... int0ndi:1f,· to i.u u.co someone to Mt tt1tliis c'lotrimcnt. T:20 cv:i.fa ,. : .--:-:..-- .- : :-i:::vim-rccl liv no dou.bt tho.t the n!)pollt,nt uttered the.; 1c1,l::;c ·. ·•" r-:u.c !u-.mrinc,;l;:,r c..;_icl fl':o l 1 .lcntl.y 11 Tho conv'i,ction on 001.-ui-b tr-ro is simil:-..:rl;r suct:.i1::.:d. As rogm•do COUllJv three, it 1TC'-S c..::,·;:,,in CO,,1,;10::. C,'TOWlC..'. -i;J.,.c_: -:i(; ::-::: ~ .h:nt ob·~~nod the .360, ooo/cs chc..rgcd CJ.1;2. OV0ll Hore. It W.'.1.C ,.,lso not i:a di;, ·l to thc.t a.t tb.o r.m"iieial "iiiijlC he 112.Cl no·;; snp 1 Jlic-c.:. :.n:r goo, ... ::, to -~11e Tr.J.1s.:::1.: 1 ..... /6

" g 6 g Investment Bc .. nk,. Tho tric.l i:10,,:p_strr-.:o tllon fow1d, cllld ! %'"Too, -llnt tho o,ppollont 112d ho· ·noccl tho i:tonoy to purchase tho goot.ls a.s- c.,llo[;'cd by him. 'I think it ur..o no·t requiring '..1.i:,1 to ostc.blish his im10co11cc if l10 hn.cl tendered the goods L1 cvic"'.011cc, o.nd he hCJ.l c..11 tho tir:10 to do so sir:.co ho wo.s throughout on bail., The trLrli of tho m::i.ttcx is tl'.'.;:,,;t there were no suc:i [;'Oods, olld there could not hn.vc bec-n r-.,.,.,y 1 for th(; 1-t::wlc cff air wc1s a frri,udulc11t enterprise. I sustoin the- conviction on count three. The entire a.pper-.1 thus fcila :··ml.. it is so dismss8d,. DJffi ES s1~L.f., .. ;'J:I 10/9/90 Mr. Mro.ro.. for Appellr-.nt Mr. Mngom['. for Republic.