F.P.M obo Z.N.M v Road Accident Fund (8854/2022) [2024] ZAGPJHC 1061 (21 October 2024)

begin wrapper begin container begin header begin slogan-floater end slogan-floater - About SAFLII About SAFLII - Databases Databases - Search Search - Terms of Use Terms of Use - RSS Feeds RSS Feeds end header begin main begin center # South Africa: South Gauteng High Court, Johannesburg South Africa: South Gauteng High Court, Johannesburg You are here: SAFLII >> Databases >> South Africa: South Gauteng High Court, Johannesburg >> 2024 >> [2024] ZAGPJHC 1061 | Noteup | LawCite sino index ## F.P.M obo Z.N.M v Road Accident Fund (8854/2022) [2024] ZAGPJHC 1061 (21 October 2024) F.P.M obo Z.N.M v Road Accident Fund (8854/2022) [2024] ZAGPJHC 1061 (21 October 2024) Download original files PDF format RTF format make_database: source=/home/saflii//raw/ZAGPJHC/Data/2024_1061.html sino date 21 October 2024 SAFLII Note: Certain personal/private details of parties or witnesses have been redacted from this document in compliance with the law and SAFLII Policy IN THE HIGH COURT OF SOUTH AFRICA GAUTENG LOCAL DIVISION, JOHANNESBURG CASE NO: 8854/2022 1.     REPORTABLE: YES/NO 2.     OF INTEREST TO OTHER JUDGES: YES/NO 3.     REVISED DATE: 21/10/24 SIGNATURE In the matter between: F[...] P[...] M[...] ON BEHALF OF Z[...] N. M[...] Plaintiff And ROAD ACCIDENT FUND Defendant [1] Damages for loss of support – claim on behalf of dependant minor for loss of support of breadwinner – unsupported by evidence of actual need for support of breadwinner – s ole evidence of need for support 7 - year - old maintenance court order against breadwinner – maintenance order belongs to duty of support – in isolation unsuitable for measurement of claim in delict for loss of support – principles reaffirmed [2] Practice and procedure – agreement between parties on undisputed and disputed issues and request to Court for decision on disputed issues in assessment of damages – factors determining competency and implementation of settlement agreement between parties to litigation reaffirmed – Court bound by competent agreement - partial vagueness and uncertainty of agreement objectively soluble - no scope for disregard of terms of agreement [3] Practice and procedure – plea - bare denial – competency of - may be sufficient to create issue on pleadings - ex post facto admission by Defendant in conflict with unamended plea of bare denial – agreement containing ex post facto admission inappropriately formulated leaving party making admission procedurally embarrassed without corresponding amendment to plea to properly contextualize admission – actuarial calculation of loss of support based on assumption that breadwinner would have devoted full extent of net of tax income to upkeep of his family included in admission – requirement of proof of actual need for support eclipsed by admission [4] Practice and procedure – request for further particulars for trial – useful for leveraging and narrowing of issues – optimal use by Defendant could have clarified issues and avoided uncertainty of inappropriately formulated admission in agreement [5] Damages for loss of support – use of contingencies as a means for leveraging vagaries in proof of quantum in the absence of proof of actual need for support – considered but not applied due to inviolable agreement by parties on contingencies [6] Practice and procedure - award in excess of R500 000.00 to Plaintiff on behalf of minor – stay of execution of judgment pending recommendations by curator ad litem concerning the minor’s best interests in respect of the need for and most suitable form of protection of award The Plaintiff sued the Road Accident Fund on behalf of her minor son for damages for loss of support of his father who had died in a road accident with an insured driver. After initially pleading a bare denial of all elements of the claim, at a pre-trial conference on the eve of trial, all issues were settled in an agreement of undisputed and disputed issues to be placed before the Court for decision on the disputed issues in a final judgment. The disputed issues were the extent to which a seven-year-old maintenance order against the erstwhile breadwinner has a bearing on the compensability and claim, age of dependency and contingencies. Settlement on contingencies was later included in the agreement. The agreement in terms whereof this partial settlement was recorded was inappropriately formulated inasmuch as it omitted to record the consequence of the Court deciding that the maintenance order has no bearing on the compensability and the claim, there being no other evidence before the Court showing the minor child’s actual need for his late father’s support, and the Fund not seeking the dismissal of the claim in the event of the Court finding the maintenance order of no evidential value in the assessment of loss of support. Held, the maintenance order is of no evidential value in the assessment of loss of support. Held further, despite the inappropriate formulation of the agreement, the vagueness and uncertainty caused thereby was objectively soluble and the agreement satisfied the requirements of competency for a partial settlement agreement which is binding on the Court. Held further, the Plaintiff’s omission to tender proof of actual need for support was redeemed by the Fund’s admission in the settlement agreement of an actuarial report solicited by the Plaintiff in which loss of support was calculated inter alia on an assumption that the erstwhile breadwinner would have devoted the full extent of his net of tax income to the upkeep of his family. The inappropriateness of omitting to amend the bare denial in the plea to properly contextualize the ex post facto admissions inconsistent with the plea and the value of requests for particulars for trial to properly contextualize issues discussed. Held further, the Court was entitled to assume from the breadwinner’s support of the minor child while still at school that he would have continued to support him after school until age 21. Held further, that it is necessary to suspend execution of the award to the Plaintiff of in excess of R500 000.00 pending appointment of a curator-ad-litem by the Court to report on the need for and most suitable form of protection of the award in the best interests of the minor child. JUDGMENT KATZEW, AJ: # [1]                 This is the trial of an action that was instituted on 2ndMarch 2022 by the Plaintiff on behalf of her minor son, Z[...] N[...] M[...] (“Z[...]”), against the Road Accident Fund (“the Fund”) for compensation for loss of support arising out of the death of Z[...]’s father, R[...] M[...] D[...] (“Mr. D[...]”), in a motor collision that occurred on 1stJuly 2019 with a driver insured by the Fund. [1]                 This is the trial of an action that was instituted on 2 nd March 2022 by the Plaintiff on behalf of her minor son, Z[...] N[...] M[...] (“Z[...]”), against the Road Accident Fund (“the Fund”) for compensation for loss of support arising out of the death of Z[...]’s father, R[...] M[...] D[...] (“Mr. D[...]”), in a motor collision that occurred on 1 st July 2019 with a driver insured by the Fund. # # [2]                 The Plaintiff and Mr. D[...] were married at the time of Z[...]’s birth in 2015 but got divorced in the same year. There is no claim in this matter by the Plaintiff against the Fund in her personal capacity. [2]                 The Plaintiff and Mr. D[...] were married at the time of Z[...]’s birth in 2015 but got divorced in the same year. There is no claim in this matter by the Plaintiff against the Fund in her personal capacity. # # [3]      On 30thApril 2022 the Fund pleaded a bare denial to all elements of the cause of action in the summons, which included negligence of its insured driver, paternity andquantum. No attempt was made to narrow down these issues by way of a request for further particulars for trial or by any other formal means to make for accurate identification of issues. [3]      On 30 th April 2022 the Fund pleaded a bare denial to all elements of the cause of action in the summons, which included negligence of its insured driver, paternity and quantum . No attempt was made to narrow down these issues by way of a request for further particulars for trial or by any other formal means to make for accurate identification of issues. # # [4]      At the first pre-trial conference that was held on 22ndMay 2022, the Fund admitted Mr. D[...]’s paternity of Z[...], but did not amend its plea to eliminate paternity as an issue on the pleadings. Moreover, in theMinutes Of Pre-Trial Conferencedated 8thJune 2022, the Fund contended that the duty of support of Mr. D[...] to Z[...] “wasnotunconditional” but “waslimitedtoR1000.00permonthaswellasmedicalaidcontributiononly”. Once again, this contention of a conditional duty of support owed by Mr. D[...] to Z[...] was never made an issue in the Fund’s plea by way of an amendment to bring it into line with the admission of the conditional duty of support that was raised in the pre-trial minute. The result hereof is that paternity and duty of support have remained issues on the pleadings throughout the proceedings. [4]      At the first pre-trial conference that was held on 22 nd May 2022, the Fund admitted Mr. D[...]’s paternity of Z[...], but did not amend its plea to eliminate paternity as an issue on the pleadings. Moreover, in the Minutes Of Pre-Trial Conference dated 8 th June 2022, the Fund contended that the duty of support of Mr. D[...] to Z[...] “ was not unconditional ” but “ was limited to R1 000 . 00 per month as well as medical aid contribution only ”. Once again, this contention of a conditional duty of support owed by Mr. D[...] to Z[...] was never made an issue in the Fund’s plea by way of an amendment to bring it into line with the admission of the conditional duty of support that was raised in the pre-trial minute. The result hereof is that paternity and duty of support have remained issues on the pleadings throughout the proceedings. # # [5]      This notwithstanding, on 10thFebruary 2023, 18 days before the trial that was due to commence on 28thFebruary 2023, the Fund abandoned reliance on its plea in theJOINT PRACTICE NOTE FOR TRIAL ON THE 28 FEBRUARY 2023, whichinteraliarecords the following agreement between the parties regarding the conduct of the trial(“theagreement”): [5]      This notwithstanding, on 10 th February 2023, 18 days before the trial that was due to commence on 28 th February 2023, the Fund abandoned reliance on its plea in the JOINT PRACTICE NOTE FOR TRIAL ON THE 28 FEBRUARY 2023 , which inter alia records the following agreement between the parties regarding the conduct of the trial (“the agreement” ): # ## “UNDISPUTED ISSUES “ UNDISPUTED ISSUES ## There is no dispute about the liability of the [Fund] to pay the Plaintiff’s proven damages.  There is no dispute regarding the fact that [Mr. D[...]] had other children which … have been considered in two actuarial reports commissioned by the Plaintiff. There is no dispute about the liability of the [Fund] to pay the Plaintiff’s proven damages.  There is no dispute regarding the fact that [Mr. D[...]] had other children which … have been considered in two actuarial reports commissioned by the Plaintiff. ## ## DISPUTED ISSUES DISPUTED ISSUES ## Based on the aforesaid, the Plaintiff to specifically admit that the following are disputed issues upon which a decision from the trial court will be sought: Based on the aforesaid, the Plaintiff to specifically admit that the following are disputed issues upon which a decision from the trial court will be sought: ## ## (a)The extent to which the maintenance order[explained by the Court in paragraphs 8, 9 and 10 below]has a bearing on the compensability and claim. (a) The extent to which the maintenance order [explained by the Court in paragraphs 8, 9 and 10 below] has a bearing on the compensability and claim. ## ## (b)Age of dependency. (b) Age of dependency. ## ## (c)Contingencies.” (c) Contingencies.” ## # [6]       On the eve of trial, the parties orally variedtheagreementto include the setting of contingencies at 5% for past loss of support and 15% for future loss of support. [6]       On the eve of trial, the parties orally varied the agreement to include the setting of contingencies at 5% for past loss of support and 15% for future loss of support. # # [7]      From a procedural point of view, therefore, despite the retention of the bare denial of all elements of the claim in the plea,the dispute in the trial as determined bytheagreementdistilled to the admission of all issues, save for the extent to which the maintenance order has a bearing on the compensability and claim, and age of dependency, coupled with a request to the Court to decide these issues in a final Judgment. [7]      From a procedural point of view, therefore, despite the retention of the bare denial of all elements of the claim in the plea , the dispute in the trial as determined by the agreement distilled to the admission of all issues, save for the extent to which the maintenance order has a bearing on the compensability and claim, and age of dependency, coupled with a request to the Court to decide these issues in a final Judgment. # # [8]       The maintenance order referred to intheagreementis an Order of the Maintenance Court made against Mr. D[...] in December 2015 when Z[...] was 10 months old.  Mr. Sixhiba, who appeared for the Plaintiff, advised the Court that the Plaintiff had included the maintenance order in her discovery affidavit for the sole purpose of advancing her case on Mr. D[...]’s paternity of Z[...], which he said was necessitated by the Fund’s denial of Mr. D[...]’s paternity of Z[...] in its plea. [8]       The maintenance order referred to in the agreement is an Order of the Maintenance Court made against Mr. D[...] in December 2015 when Z[...] was 10 months old.  Mr. Sixhiba, who appeared for the Plaintiff, advised the Court that the Plaintiff had included the maintenance order in her discovery affidavit for the sole purpose of advancing her case on Mr. D[...]’s paternity of Z[...], which he said was necessitated by the Fund’s denial of Mr. D[...]’s paternity of Z[...] in its plea. # # [9]        The maintenance order directed Mr. D[...] in 2015 to pay the Plaintiff R1 000.00 per month as a contribution towards maintenance for Z[...], and to retain Z[...] on a medical aid. [9]        The maintenance order directed Mr. D[...] in 2015 to pay the Plaintiff R1 000.00 per month as a contribution towards maintenance for Z[...], and to retain Z[...] on a medical aid. # # [10]     The terms of the maintenance order were not expressly included intheagreement, and neither was the order of the Maintenance Court formally placed before the Court. There was, however,consensusin the Court proceedings between Mr. Sixhiba and Mr. Khan, who appeared for the Fund, as to the terms thereof.Afortiori,no prejudice will be caused to either party by the Court having regard to the terms of the maintenance order as communicated by their legal representatives in Court.  The terms of the maintenance order also appear in one of the two actuarial reports that form part oftheagreement. [10]     The terms of the maintenance order were not expressly included in the agreement , and neither was the order of the Maintenance Court formally placed before the Court. There was, however, consensus in the Court proceedings between Mr. Sixhiba and Mr. Khan, who appeared for the Fund, as to the terms thereof. A fortiori, no prejudice will be caused to either party by the Court having regard to the terms of the maintenance order as communicated by their legal representatives in Court.  The terms of the maintenance order also appear in one of the two actuarial reports that form part of the agreement . # # [11]             No evidence under oath was presented by the parties, their mutual view as expressed intheagreementbeing that the Court’s findings on the disputed issues in its Judgment would be dipositive of the matter, without the need for evidence. [11]             No evidence under oath was presented by the parties, their mutual view as expressed in the agreement being that the Court’s findings on the disputed issues in its Judgment would be dipositive of the matter, without the need for evidence. # # [12]             The two actuarial reports referred to intheagreementwere formally placed before the Court. They were compiled by Ndumiso Mavimbela of Manala Actuaries at the request of the Plaintiff. Pursuant totheagreement, the contents of the two actuarial reports include different scenarios of calculation compatible with the two disputed issues intheagreement. There is no dispute between the parties relating to the methodology of the reports, the sources and correctness of the assumptions made in the reports and the accuracy of the calculations of the different scenarios in the reports, the dispute between the parties being confined to which of the scenarios should be adopted by the Court in its Judgment. [12]             The two actuarial reports referred to in the agreement were formally placed before the Court. They were compiled by Ndumiso Mavimbela of Manala Actuaries at the request of the Plaintiff. Pursuant to the agreement , the contents of the two actuarial reports include different scenarios of calculation compatible with the two disputed issues in the agreement . There is no dispute between the parties relating to the methodology of the reports, the sources and correctness of the assumptions made in the reports and the accuracy of the calculations of the different scenarios in the reports, the dispute between the parties being confined to which of the scenarios should be adopted by the Court in its Judgment. # # [13]             The following is a summary of the two reports: [13]             The following is a summary of the two reports: # ## [13.1]            dated 5thAugust 2022 containing an actuarial calculation of Z[...]’s and his co-dependants’ one child’s share each of Mr. D[...]’s net lost income for past and future loss of support until age 18 years (in Z[...]’s case totalling R696 441.00 excluding contingencies) and until age 21 years (in Z[...]’s case totalling R641 837.00 excluding contingencies), on the assumption in both scenarios, recorded in clause 13 of the report, that the net of tax income of Mr. D[...] will be shared two parts to Mr. D[...] and one part to each of his children dependant on him (the anomaly of Z[...]’s share measured to 18 years exceeding his share measured to 21 years by R54 604.00 was not raised by either of the parties – the tables of measured losses for the two scenarios reveal fluctuating co-dependencies in calculations of past and future losses which are the reason for the anomalous discrepancy – in view of the parties’ admissions of all methodology, assumptions and calculations in the reports, nothing turns hereon, except of course for the anomaly that the Plaintiff and Z[...] would be better off by R54 604.00 if the Court decides that age of dependency is to 18 instead of 21) ; and [13.1]            dated 5 th August 2022 containing an actuarial calculation of Z[...]’s and his co-dependants’ one child’s share each of Mr. D[...]’s net lost income for past and future loss of support until age 18 years (in Z[...]’s case totalling R696 441.00 excluding contingencies) and until age 21 years (in Z[...]’s case totalling R641 837.00 excluding contingencies), on the assumption in both scenarios, recorded in clause 13 of the report, that the net of tax income of Mr. D[...] will be shared two parts to Mr. D[...] and one part to each of his children dependant on him (the anomaly of Z[...]’s share measured to 18 years exceeding his share measured to 21 years by R54 604.00 was not raised by either of the parties – the tables of measured losses for the two scenarios reveal fluctuating co-dependencies in calculations of past and future losses which are the reason for the anomalous discrepancy – in view of the parties’ admissions of all methodology, assumptions and calculations in the reports, nothing turns hereon, except of course for the anomaly that the Plaintiff and Z[...] would be better off by R54 604.00 if the Court decides that age of dependency is to 18 instead of 21) ; and ## ## [13.2]            dated 31stAugust 2022 containing an actuarial calculation of Z[...]’s and his co-dependants’ one child share each of Mr. D[...]’s net lost income for past and future loss of support calculated until age 18 years (in Z[...]’s case totalling R230 629.00 excluding contingencies), and until age 21 years (in Z[...]’s case totalling R253 381.00 excluding contingencies), on the assumption in both scenarios, recorded in clause 13 of the report, that the net of tax income of Mr. D[...] would be shared two parts to Mr. D[...] and one part to each of his children dependant on him, except for Z[...], who is assumed for the purpose of this report to be limited to a calculation based on the R1 000.00 per month in the maintenance order, plus an assumed medical aid contribution of R500.00 per month (the R500.00 to be adjusted with inflationary increases every January). [13.2]            dated 31 st August 2022 containing an actuarial calculation of Z[...]’s and his co-dependants’ one child share each of Mr. D[...]’s net lost income for past and future loss of support calculated until age 18 years (in Z[...]’s case totalling R230 629.00 excluding contingencies), and until age 21 years (in Z[...]’s case totalling R253 381.00 excluding contingencies), on the assumption in both scenarios, recorded in clause 13 of the report, that the net of tax income of Mr. D[...] would be shared two parts to Mr. D[...] and one part to each of his children dependant on him, except for Z[...], who is assumed for the purpose of this report to be limited to a calculation based on the R1 000.00 per month in the maintenance order, plus an assumed medical aid contribution of R500.00 per month (the R500.00 to be adjusted with inflationary increases every January) . ## # [14]             The Court is called upon to incorporatetheagreementinto the Judgment and to craft its findings on the disputed issues into the Judgment in accordance withtheagreement. [14]             The Court is called upon to incorporate the agreement into the Judgment and to craft its findings on the disputed issues into the Judgment in accordance with the agreement . # # [15]             Due to some uncertainty regarding the interpretation oftheagreementthat will be canvassed in more detail, the Court first needs to establish the exact terms oftheagreement, and then render Judgment on the disputed issues with due regard totheagreement. [15]             Due to some uncertainty regarding the interpretation of the agreement that will be canvassed in more detail, the Court first needs to establish the exact terms of the agreement , and then render Judgment on the disputed issues with due regard to the agreement . # # [16]Althoughtheagreementdoes not constitute a settlement agreement that is sought to be made an order of court, the principles applicable to the settlement of entire litigation, or components thereof, are analogous to the principles applicable to the implementation oftheagreementby the Court.These principles have been stated as follows by Van der Merwe, JA inThe Road Accident Fund v Taylor and other matters[1]: [16] Although the agreement does not constitute a settlement agreement that is sought to be made an order of court, the principles applicable to the settlement of entire litigation, or components thereof, are analogous to the principles applicable to the implementation of the agreement by the Court . These principles have been stated as follows by Van der Merwe, JA in The Road Accident Fund v Taylor and other matters [1] : # # “[40]       Whenrequestedtodoso,acourthasthepowertomakeacompromise,orpartthereof,anorderofcourt.Thepowermust,ofcourse,beexercisedjudicially,thatis,intermsofafairprocedureandwithregardtorelevantconsiderations.Theconsiderationsforthedeterminationofwhetheritwouldbecompetentandpropertomakeacompromiseanorderofcourt,arethreefold. … “ [40]       When requested to do so , a court has the power to make a compromise , or part thereof , an order of court . The power must , of course , be exercised judicially , that is , in terms of a fair procedure and with regard to relevant considerations . The considerations for the determination of whether it would be competent and proper to make a compromise an order of court , are threefold . … # # [41]         The firstconsiderationiswhetherthecompromiserelatesdirectlyorindirectlytothesettledlitigation.Anagreementthatisunrelatedtolitigation,shouldnotbemadeanorderofcourt.Thesecondiswhetherthetermsofthecompromisearelegallyobjectionable,thatis,whetheritstermsareillegalorcontrarytopublicpolicyorinconsistentwiththeConstitution.Suchanagreementshouldobviouslynotbemadeanorderofcourt.Thethirdconsiderationiswhetheritwouldholdsomepracticalorlegitimateadvantagetogivethecompromisethestatusofanorderofcourt.Ifnot,itwouldmakenosensetodoso.” [41]         The first consideration is whether the compromise relates directly or indirectly to the settled litigation . An agreement that is unrelated to litigation , should not be made an order of court . The second is whether the terms of the compromise are legally objectionable , that is , whether its terms are illegal or contrary to public policy or inconsistent with the Constitution . Such an agreement should obviously not be made an order of court . The third consideration is whether it would hold some practical or legitimate advantage to give the compromise the status of an order of court . If not , it would make no sense to do so .” # # [17]Theagreement,although vague in certain respects which will be addressed, satisfies these considerations for its incorporation into the Judgment. [17] The agreement, although vague in certain respects which will be addressed, satisfies these considerations for its incorporation into the Judgment. # # [18]             The vagueness ofthe agreementis that it is lacking in certainty as to the legal consequence of a possible finding by the Court that the maintenance order has no bearing on the compensability and claim. For reasons that will emerge hereunder, the uncertainty is resoluble by virtue of certain statements made by Mr. Khan in argument on behalf of the Fund (it is important to bear in mind that Mr. Khan concludedtheagreementon behalf of the Fund). [18]             The vagueness of the agreement is that it is lacking in certainty as to the legal consequence of a possible finding by the Court that the maintenance order has no bearing on the compensability and claim. For reasons that will emerge hereunder, the uncertainty is resoluble by virtue of certain statements made by Mr. Khan in argument on behalf of the Fund (it is important to bear in mind that Mr. Khan concluded the agreement on behalf of the Fund). # # [19]             Mr. Khan correctly submitted that without proof of actual need for support of a lost breadwinner, a claim for loss of support is inchoate and unsustainable. It was for this reason that he submitted that the maintenance order, however inadequate for Z[...]’s present and future needs (which inadequacy he conceded on behalf of the Fund), is the only evidence of his actual need, and thus should be relied upon by the Court in the calculation of the value of his loss of Mr. D[...]’s support (this, by the way, is different to the approach adopted by the Fund in the pre-trial minute dated 8thJune 2022 that ‘thedutytosupportwasnotunconditionalandthatsamewaslimitedtoR1000permonthaswellasmedicalaidcontributiononly” – a defence of a limited conditional duty of support is different to a defence of lack of evidence of actual need for support – this contradiction is once again an issue that the Fund could have cleared up in an appropriate amendment to its plea). [19]             Mr. Khan correctly submitted that without proof of actual need for support of a lost breadwinner, a claim for loss of support is inchoate and unsustainable. It was for this reason that he submitted that the maintenance order, however inadequate for Z[...]’s present and future needs (which inadequacy he conceded on behalf of the Fund), is the only evidence of his actual need, and thus should be relied upon by the Court in the calculation of the value of his loss of Mr. D[...]’s support (this, by the way, is different to the approach adopted by the Fund in the pre-trial minute dated 8 th June 2022 that ‘ the duty to support was not unconditional and that same was limited to R1 000 per month as well as medical aid contribution only ” – a defence of a limited conditional duty of support is different to a defence of lack of evidence of actual need for support – this contradiction is once again an issue that the Fund could have cleared up in an appropriate amendment to its plea). # [20]             When the Court asked Mr. Khan if the Fund is seeking the dismissal of the Plaintiff’s claim as an alternative to a finding that the maintenance order has no bearing on the compensability and the claim (which the Court pointed out to Mr. Khan would be a logical request in view of there being no other evidence showing actual need for support), Mr. Khan replied that the Fund is not seeking the dismissal of the claim, but added that with hindsight he should have made provision for higher contingencies to be applied to the Plaintiff’s claim with that risk in mind. [20]             When the Court asked Mr. Khan if the Fund is seeking the dismissal of the Plaintiff’s claim as an alternative to a finding that the maintenance order has no bearing on the compensability and the claim (which the Court pointed out to Mr. Khan would be a logical request in view of there being no other evidence showing actual need for support), Mr. Khan replied that the Fund is not seeking the dismissal of the claim, but added that with hindsight he should have made provision for higher contingencies to be applied to the Plaintiff’s claim with that risk in mind. # # [21]             This approach by Mr. Khan on behalf of the Fund assists the Court in interpreting a tacit component totheagreementthat if it is found that the maintenance order has no bearing on the compensability and the claim, the Fund accepts that the calculation of loss of support must necessarily follow the actuarial report dated 5thAugust 2022, which does not rely on the maintenance order as acriteriafor calculation of Z[...]’s loss of support. [21]             This approach by Mr. Khan on behalf of the Fund assists the Court in interpreting a tacit component to the agreement that if it is found that the maintenance order has no bearing on the compensability and the claim, the Fund accepts that the calculation of loss of support must necessarily follow the actuarial report dated 5 th August 2022, which does not rely on the maintenance order as a criteria for calculation of Z[...]’s loss of support. # # [22]In interpreting and giving effect totheagreement, the Court focuses on the intention of the parties as at the timetheagreementwas concluded.Afortiori, the Court cannot have regard to the Fund’sexpostfactoexpression, which was notcontemplated at the time oftheagreement,that it should have made provision for higher contingencies to compensate the risk of a finding by the Court that the maintenance order has no bearing on the compensability and the claim. [22] In interpreting and giving effect to the agreement , the Court focuses on the intention of the parties as at the time the agreement was concluded. A fortiori , the Court cannot have regard to the Fund’s ex post facto expression, which was not contemplated at the time of the agreement, that it should have made provision for higher contingencies to compensate the risk of a finding by the Court that the maintenance order has no bearing on the compensability and the claim. # # [23]             The very essence of the concession made by Mr. Khan reveals that thisexpostfactoexpression could not have been on his mind on behalf of the Fund, let alone on the Plaintiff’s mind, at the time of the conclusion oftheagreement. [23]             The very essence of the concession made by Mr. Khan reveals that this ex post facto expression could not have been on his mind on behalf of the Fund, let alone on the Plaintiff’s mind, at the time of the conclusion of the agreement . # # [24]             The result is that if the Court finds that the maintenance order has no bearing on the compensability and the claim, the actuarial report dated 5thAugust 2022 will become the operativecriteriafor determination of Z[...]’s loss of support, complemented by the contingencies as determined bytheagreement(see paragraph [6] above). [24]             The result is that if the Court finds that the maintenance order has no bearing on the compensability and the claim, the actuarial report dated 5 th August 2022 will become the operative criteria for determination of Z[...]’s loss of support, complemented by the contingencies as determined by the agreement (see paragraph [6] above). # # [25]             Turning now to the extent to which (if any) the maintenance order has a bearing on the compensability and the claim, at the outset it needs to be emphasized that a distinction should be drawn in principle between the delictual basis of loss of support and the duty of support. The maintenance order belongs to the last mentioned and is not necessarily evidence of the first mentioned. [25]             Turning now to the extent to which (if any) the maintenance order has a bearing on the compensability and the claim, at the outset it needs to be emphasized that a distinction should be drawn in principle between the delictual basis of loss of support and the duty of support. The maintenance order belongs to the last mentioned and is not necessarily evidence of the first mentioned. # # [26]             This distinction needs to be kept in mind in considering the submissions of the parties. [26]             This distinction needs to be kept in mind in considering the submissions of the parties. # # [27]             Mr. Sixhiba on behalf of the Plaintiff was dismissive of the requirement for evidence of Z[...]’s actual needs for Mr. D[...]’s support. He contended that there is no need for reliance on the maintenance order in the determination of the calculation of Z[...]’s loss of Mr. D[...]’s support. He submitted in hisPLAINTIFF’S HEADS OF ARGUMENTdated 1stMarch 2023, and in oral submissions before the Court, that by virtue of the actuarial report dated 5thAugust 2022 (which makes no reference to the maintenance order and which isinteraliabased on the assumption that the full extent of Mr. D[...]’s net of tax income would be devoted to the upkeep of his dependants), the Plaintiff is entitled to an order directing the Fund to be liable to the Plaintiff in the sum of R565 135.15, made up as to R195 737.00 for past loss of support, less the agreed contingency of 5%, which comes to R185 950.15, plus R446 100.00 for future loss of support, less the agreed contingency of 15%, which comes to R379 185.00, which are the product of calculations in the actuarial report dated 5thAugust 2022 until age 21. [27]             Mr. Sixhiba on behalf of the Plaintiff was dismissive of the requirement for evidence of Z[...]’s actual needs for Mr. D[...]’s support. He contended that there is no need for reliance on the maintenance order in the determination of the calculation of Z[...]’s loss of Mr. D[...]’s support. He submitted in his PLAINTIFF’S HEADS OF ARGUMENT dated 1 st March 2023, and in oral submissions before the Court, that by virtue of the actuarial report dated 5 th August 2022 (which makes no reference to the maintenance order and which is inter alia based on the assumption that the full extent of Mr. D[...]’s net of tax income would be devoted to the upkeep of his dependants), the Plaintiff is entitled to an order directing the Fund to be liable to the Plaintiff in the sum of R565 135.15, made up as to R195 737.00 for past loss of support, less the agreed contingency of 5%, which comes to R185 950.15, plus R446 100.00 for future loss of support, less the agreed contingency of 15%, which comes to R379 185.00, which are the product of calculations in the actuarial report dated 5 th August 2022 until age 21. # # [28]Mr. Khan, on the other hand, in his undatedDEFENDANT’S HEADS OF ARGUMENTand in oral submissions to the Court, contended for the Court’s adoption of the actuarial report dated 31stAugust 2022 (which incomprehensibly distinguishes between the losses of support suffered by Z[...] and his co-dependants due to the invoking of the maintenance order as the solecriteriafor the calculation of Z[...]’s loss) in view of the absence of any evidence by the Plaintiff of the actual needs of Z[...] for Mr. D[...]’s support (it needs to be emphasized in this regard that the incomprehensible actuarial distinction between the otherwise identical one part loss of all Mr. D[...]’s dependants was included by the actuary at the instance of the Fund, and cannot in any way be attributed to the actuary).  Theresult, according to Mr. Khan on behalf of the Fund, is that the Court must restrict itself in its measurement of Z[...]’s loss of Mr. D[...]’s support to the value of the maintenance order of R1 000.00 per month plus the R500.00 per month provision for medical aid (to be adjusted with inflationary increases annually every January), which evolves into a past loss of support of R65 666.00 less the agreed contingency of 5%, equalling R62 382.70, and into a future loss of support calculated to age 18 of R164 963.00, less the agreed contingency of 15%, which comes to R140 218.55, together totalling R202 601.25. [28] Mr. Khan, on the other hand, in his undated DEFENDANT’S HEADS OF ARGUMENT and in oral submissions to the Court, contended for the Court’s adoption of the actuarial report dated 31 st August 2022 (which incomprehensibly distinguishes between the losses of support suffered by Z[...] and his co-dependants due to the invoking of the maintenance order as the sole criteria for the calculation of Z[...]’s loss) in view of the absence of any evidence by the Plaintiff of the actual needs of Z[...] for Mr. D[...]’s support (it needs to be emphasized in this regard that the incomprehensible actuarial distinction between the otherwise identical one part loss of all Mr. D[...]’s dependants was included by the actuary at the instance of the Fund, and cannot in any way be attributed to the actuary).  The result, according to Mr. Khan on behalf of the Fund, is that the Court must restrict itself in its measurement of Z[...]’s loss of Mr. D[...]’s support to the value of the maintenance order of R1 000.00 per month plus the R500.00 per month provision for medical aid (to be adjusted with inflationary increases annually every January), which evolves into a past loss of support of R65 666.00 less the agreed contingency of 5%, equalling R62 382.70, and into a future loss of support calculated to age 18 of R164 963.00, less the agreed contingency of 15%, which comes to R140 218.55, together totalling R202 601.25. # # [29]One of the anomalies of this submission by Mr. Khan for selective bias in the calculation of the value of Z[...]’s claim for loss of support  is that if any of Z[...]’s co-dependants have pending claims against the Fund, the Fund’s promotion of the selective bias between Z[...] and his co-dependants in the actuarial report dated 31stAugust 2022 would unaccountably (and unfairly to Z[...]) result in Z[...]’s co-dependants being treated more favourably by the Fund in the settlement of their claims, which, save for the maintenance order, are otherwise identical in the assumptions upon which they are based. [29] One of the anomalies of this submission by Mr. Khan for selective bias in the calculation of the value of Z[...]’s claim for loss of support  is that if any of Z[...]’s co-dependants have pending claims against the Fund, the Fund’s promotion of the selective bias between Z[...] and his co-dependants in the actuarial report dated 31 st August 2022 would unaccountably (and unfairly to Z[...]) result in Z[...]’s co-dependants being treated more favourably by the Fund in the settlement of their claims, which, save for the maintenance order, are otherwise identical in the assumptions upon which they are based. # [30]As already alluded to, the Court accepts as trite generally requiring no citation of authority the submission made by Mr. Khan that a dependant in an action for loss of support must establish actual patrimonial loss, accrued and prospective, consequent upon the death of the breadwinner.[2]In response to this submission, Mr. Sixhiba mistook as a general assumption for all cases the case-specific assumption made by the Court inRAF v Monani[3]that the net income of the breadwinner in that case would have been devoted in its entirety to the upkeep of his family. [30] As already alluded to, the Court accepts as trite generally requiring no citation of authority the submission made by Mr. Khan that a dependant in an action for loss of support must establish actual patrimonial loss, accrued and prospective, consequent upon the death of the breadwinner. [2] In response to this submission, Mr. Sixhiba mistook as a general assumption for all cases the case-specific assumption made by the Court in RAF v Monani [3] that the net income of the breadwinner in that case would have been devoted in its entirety to the upkeep of his family. # # [31]             But the enquiry does not end there. Mr. Sixhiba has also submitted that the manner of the Fund’s raising of the issue of absence of evidence of Z[...]’s actual need for support (save for the maintenance order) is irregular and flawed. [31]             But the enquiry does not end there. Mr. Sixhiba has also submitted that the manner of the Fund’s raising of the issue of absence of evidence of Z[...]’s actual need for support (save for the maintenance order) is irregular and flawed. # # [32]It needs to be emphasized that the Court is bound by the Fund’s acknowledgement of liability intheagreementspecifically for the Plaintiff’s “provendamages”, and by the Fund’s regard for all aspects of the matter to be regarded as undisputed, save for the extent to which the maintenance order has a bearing on the compensability and claim and on the age of dependency.[4] [32] It needs to be emphasized that the Court is bound by the Fund’s acknowledgement of liability in the agreement specifically for the Plaintiff’s “ proven damages ”, and by the Fund’s regard for all aspects of the matter to be regarded as undisputed, save for the extent to which the maintenance order has a bearing on the compensability and claim and on the age of dependency. [4] # # [33]The Court regards itself as so bound because its normal powers ofadjudication of disputes are limited to adjudication within the parameters oftheagreement, which specifically identifies the undisputed issues and the disputed issues on which alone decision from the Court is required as a precursor to a final award by the Court for payment of the Plaintiff’s “provendamages” for loss of support. [33] The Court regards itself as so bound because its normal powers of adjudication of disputes are limited to adjudication within the parameters of the agreement , which specifically identifies the undisputed issues and the disputed issues on which alone decision from the Court is required as a precursor to a final award by the Court for payment of the Plaintiff’s “ proven damages ” for loss of support. # # [34]Theagreementtherefore precludes the Court from making an order at the behest of one of the parties for payment of an amount less than “provendamages” for loss of support, especially when the Court has before it actuarial calculations of Z[...]’s loss of Mr. D[...]’s support which are undisputed and which include an assumption of full utility of Mr. D[...]’s net income for the upkeep of his family that has not been specifically refuted by the party which bears the evidentiary burden of doing so, namely the Fund, in the pleadings and in evidence. [34] The agreement therefore precludes the Court from making an order at the behest of one of the parties for payment of an amount less than “ proven damages ” for loss of support, especially when the Court has before it actuarial calculations of Z[...]’s loss of Mr. D[...]’s support which are undisputed and which include an assumption of full utility of Mr. D[...]’s net income for the upkeep of his family that has not been specifically refuted by the party which bears the evidentiary burden of doing so, namely the Fund, in the pleadings and in evidence. # # [35]             By agreeing to the contents of the actuarial report dated 5thAugust 2022 intheagreement, the Fund could only venture beyond such contents upon a discharge of the evidentiary burden to refute the validity of the assumption in clause 13 of the report “thatthenetoftaxincomeof[Mr.D[...]]willbesharedtwopartsto[Mr.D[...]]andoneparttoeachchild”. [35]             By agreeing to the contents of the actuarial report dated 5 th August 2022 in the agreement , the Fund could only venture beyond such contents upon a discharge of the evidentiary burden to refute the validity of the assumption in clause 13 of the report “ that the net of tax income of [Mr . D[...] ] will be shared two parts to [Mr . D[...]] and one part to each child ”. # # [36]             The Fund could only refute that assumption by specifically pleading facts that would negate the assumption, coupled with the leading of evidence thereon, neither of which the Fund has done. [36]             The Fund could only refute that assumption by specifically pleading facts that would negate the assumption, coupled with the leading of evidence thereon, neither of which the Fund has done. # # [37]The Uniform Rules of Court provide the machinery for the properventilation of issues between parties, which are ultimately determined by the pleadings. Whereas a bare denial may be sufficient to create an issue on the pleadings,[5]anexpostfactoadmission of a fact which is at odds with a denial in a plea without an appropriate adjustment to the plea to properly contextualize the admission, coupled with a consequential failure to lead evidence to discharge an evidentiary burden attracted by the admission, may leave the party originally relying on the bare denial procedurally embarrassed in an inappropriately formulated agreement that involves the dispensing of evidence and a request to the Court to decide only certain specified issues to dispose of the matter. [37] The Uniform Rules of Court provide the machinery for the proper ventilation of issues between parties, which are ultimately determined by the pleadings. Whereas a bare denial may be sufficient to create an issue on the pleadings, [5] an ex post facto admission of a fact which is at odds with a denial in a plea without an appropriate adjustment to the plea to properly contextualize the admission, coupled with a consequential failure to lead evidence to discharge an evidentiary burden attracted by the admission, may leave the party originally relying on the bare denial procedurally embarrassed in an inappropriately formulated agreement that involves the dispensing of evidence and a request to the Court to decide only certain specified issues to dispose of the matter. # # [38]The Fund in this matter has ignored the role of the pleadings, including the machinery of the Rules with regard to requests for particulars for trial, as a lever for the proper contextualizing of the issues between the parties (which I observed to be a feature of all the matters involving the Fund that came before me during thesame week), which resulted in the Fund locking itself intotheagreementthat includes (perhaps unintentionally) the unconditional admission of the contents of the actuarial report dated 5thAugust 2022, without the cover of other terms intheagreement,or specific allegations in its plea, coupled with any necessary evidence, to qualify the admission. [38] The Fund in this matter has ignored the role of the pleadings, including the machinery of the Rules with regard to requests for particulars for trial, as a lever for the proper contextualizing of the issues between the parties (which I observed to be a feature of all the matters involving the Fund that came before me during the same week), which resulted in the Fund locking itself into the agreement that includes (perhaps unintentionally) the unconditional admission of the contents of the actuarial report dated 5 th August 2022, without the cover of other terms in the agreement, or specific allegations in its plea, coupled with any necessary evidence, to qualify the admission. # # [39]             Mr. Khan’s contention in paragraph 5 of his undatedDEFENDANT’S HEADS OF ARGUMENTthat the Court must utilize the actuarial calculation dated 31stAugust 2022 (referring to the actuarial report of the same date) in making an award for loss of support, must fail at least by virtue of his concessions in argument that the maintenance order cannot be regarded as a suitable guide to the Court for the assessment of the true i.e. proven monetary value of Z[...]’s loss of Mr. D[...]’s support due to the relief therein of R1 000.00 per month and retention of Z[...] on a medical aid at age 10 months being a totally inadequate measurement of maintenance currently required by Z[...] at 8 years of age. [39]             Mr. Khan’s contention in paragraph 5 of his undated DEFENDANT’S HEADS OF ARGUMENT that the Court must utilize the actuarial calculation dated 31 st August 2022 (referring to the actuarial report of the same date) in making an award for loss of support, must fail at least by virtue of his concessions in argument that the maintenance order cannot be regarded as a suitable guide to the Court for the assessment of the true i.e. proven monetary value of Z[...]’s loss of Mr. D[...]’s support due to the relief therein of R1 000.00 per month and retention of Z[...] on a medical aid at age 10 months being a totally inadequate measurement of maintenance currently required by Z[...] at 8 years of age. # # [40]The Court is fortified in its view of the unsuitability of the maintenance order as a guide to the determination of a valuation for loss of support by the following extract from the judgment of Nienaber, JA inSantam Bpk v Henery[6], wherein the Court wasinteraliasimilarly required to consider an order for the payment of maintenance as a guide to the valuation of a claim for the loss of support of a dependant ex-wife whose ex-husband had died in a motor collision. Nienaber, JA is reported as follows at431B-C: [40] The Court is fortified in its view of the unsuitability of the maintenance order as a guide to the determination of a valuation for loss of support by the following extract from the judgment of Nienaber, JA in Santam Bpk v Henery [6] , wherein the Court was inter alia similarly required to consider an order for the payment of maintenance as a guide to the valuation of a claim for the loss of support of a dependant ex-wife whose ex-husband had died in a motor collision. Nienaber, JA is reported as follows at 431B-C : # “… Wat in die besonder beklemtoon is, is dat haar eis, anders as dié van ander afhanklikes, gegrond is op ‘n Hofbevel wat ‘n spesifieke bedrag vermeld, sodat die omvang van haar eis aan die hand van daardie bedrag bepaal word en nie aan die hand van haar daadwerklike behoeftes nie. Die argument oortuig nie. Solank as wat daar ‘n onderhoudsplig uit hoofde van ‘n Hofbevel bestaan, soos hier die geval is, sal die bedrag in die Hofbevel stellig die eerste faktor wees by die bepaling van die bedrag wat uiteindelik aan ‘n eiseres in so ‘n geval toegeken word, maar dit is nie die enigste of selfs ‘n deurslaggewende faktor nie. Die feitelike vraag bly telkens watter bedrag die eiseres by wyse van onderhoud van haar gewese man sou ontvang het. Daardie bedrag verg, soos elke geval waar dié tipe eis gekwantifiseer moet word, ‘n veelvoud van oorwegings en vooruitskouings  …” # [41]Although this exposition of the law reinforces Mr. Khan’s point about the need for proof of actual need for support, it simultaneously confirms the inadequacy of the maintenance order as a guide to the Court for the determinationof Z[...]’s proven loss of Mr. D[...]’s support. [41] Although this exposition of the law reinforces Mr. Khan’s point about the need for proof of actual need for support, it simultaneously confirms the inadequacy of the maintenance order as a guide to the Court for the determination of Z[...]’s proven loss of Mr. D[...]’s support. # # [42]             It follows that by virtue of the admitted total disconnect of the maintenance order with the current reality of Z[...]’s age and obviously vastly different needs to those that would be associated with a baby of 10 months 7 years Z[...]’s junior, the maintenance order cannot be regarded as having any bearing on the compensability and claim. [42]             It follows that by virtue of the admitted total disconnect of the maintenance order with the current reality of Z[...]’s age and obviously vastly different needs to those that would be associated with a baby of 10 months 7 years Z[...]’s junior, the maintenance order cannot be regarded as having any bearing on the compensability and claim. # # [43]             Significantly the validity and correctness of the contents of the actuarial report dated 5thAugust 2022 are not included intheagreementas issues for decision by the Court. The Court is accordingly entitled to infer fromtheagreementthat once it has decided that the Order of the Maintenance Court has no bearing on the compensability and claim, the actuarial report dated 5thAugust 2022 should be utilized in making an award for loss of support to the Plaintiff that accurately measures the value of Z[...]’s actual loss of support from Mr. D[...]. [43]             Significantly the validity and correctness of the contents of the actuarial report dated 5 th August 2022 are not included in the agreement as issues for decision by the Court. The Court is accordingly entitled to infer from the agreement that once it has decided that the Order of the Maintenance Court has no bearing on the compensability and claim, the actuarial report dated 5 th August 2022 should be utilized in making an award for loss of support to the Plaintiff that accurately measures the value of Z[...]’s actual loss of support from Mr. D[...]. # # [44]      This would necessarily include the assumption in paragraph 13 of the actuarial report dated 5thAugust 2022 that the net of tax income of Mr. D[...] will be shared two parts to Mr. D[...] and one part to each of his children, including Z[...]. [44]      This would necessarily include the assumption in paragraph 13 of the actuarial report dated 5 th August 2022 that the net of tax income of Mr. D[...] will be shared two parts to Mr. D[...] and one part to each of his children, including Z[...]. # # [45]There is nothing before the Court that militates against the equity of such a finding. There is no indication that Z[...] is better off financially as a result of the death of Mr. D[...], like the husband and dependant son of the deceased inLambrakis v Santam[7]. To the extent that there are vagaries of proof of actual loss in this matter, besides constituting an error of judgment on behalf of the Plaintiff, the vagaries are also attributable to the approach adopted by the Fund, which on its own admission could at the very least have been addressed by suitable additional contingency adjustments.The suitability of additional contingencies to redress these vagaries and to thereby avoid any inference of a relaxation of the requirement for proof of actual need for support is not without precedent, having been countenanced by the Court inReay and another v Netcare (Pty) Ltd t/a Umhlanga Hospital and others[8]. [45] There is nothing before the Court that militates against the equity of such a finding. There is no indication that Z[...] is better off financially as a result of the death of Mr. D[...], like the husband and dependant son of the deceased in Lambrakis v Santam [7] . To the extent that there are vagaries of proof of actual loss in this matter, besides constituting an error of judgment on behalf of the Plaintiff, the vagaries are also attributable to the approach adopted by the Fund, which on its own admission could at the very least have been addressed by suitable additional contingency adjustments . The suitability of additional contingencies to redress these vagaries and to thereby avoid any inference of a relaxation of the requirement for proof of actual need for support is not without precedent, having been countenanced by the Court in Reay and another v Netcare (Pty) Ltd t/a Umhlanga Hospital and others [8] . # # [46]      Finally on this issue, by virtue of the binding effect oftheagreementon the Court, it is not open to the Court to independently increase the contingencies to redress the vagaries of proof of Z[...]’s actual need for Mr. D[...]’s support. [46]      Finally on this issue, by virtue of the binding effect of the agreement on the Court, it is not open to the Court to independently increase the contingencies to redress the vagaries of proof of Z[...]’s actual need for Mr. D[...]’s support. # # [47]      In conclusion, the Court finds that the maintenance order against Mr. D[...] in December 2015 has no bearing on the compensability and claim in this matter. [47]      In conclusion, the Court finds that the maintenance order against Mr. D[...] in December 2015 has no bearing on the compensability and claim in this matter. # # AGE OF DEPENDENCY FOR PURPOSE OF CLAIM – 18 OR 21? AGE OF DEPENDENCY FOR PURPOSE OF CLAIM – 18 OR 21? # [48]       The admission by the Fund of the actuarial report dated 5thAugust 2022 can be relied upon as proof of dependency to 18, but not 21. This is because the report assumes two scenarios in the alternative without making a commitment to either, namely one based on dependency until 18, and the other based on dependency until 21. [48]       The admission by the Fund of the actuarial report dated 5 th August 2022 can be relied upon as proof of dependency to 18, but not 21. This is because the report assumes two scenarios in the alternative without making a commitment to either, namely one based on dependency until 18, and the other based on dependency until 21. # # [49]       The report therefore cannot serve as proof that Z[...] would have been supported by Mr. D[...] until age 21 without evidence by the Plaintiff that Z[...] would have needed Mr. D[...]’s support until age 21, including the extent of such need. [49]       The report therefore cannot serve as proof that Z[...] would have been supported by Mr. D[...] until age 21 without evidence by the Plaintiff that Z[...] would have needed Mr. D[...]’s support until age 21, including the extent of such need. # # [50]      Due to the anomaly already alluded to of the actuarial calculation in the report dated 5thAugust 2022 of Z[...]’s pre-contingency loss of Mr. D[...]’s support to age 18 exceeding the actuarial calculation of his pre-contingency loss of Mr. D[...]’s support to age 21 by R54 604.00 (see paragraph 13.1 above), the Fund’s contention for Z[...]’s age of dependency to end at 18 portended the result of the Fund unwittingly arguing for a higher liability than had it agreed to being liable for Z[...]’s loss of support until age 21. [50]      Due to the anomaly already alluded to of the actuarial calculation in the report dated 5 th August 2022 of Z[...]’s pre-contingency loss of Mr. D[...]’s support to age 18 exceeding the actuarial calculation of his pre-contingency loss of Mr. D[...]’s support to age 21 by R54 604.00 (see paragraph 13.1 above), the Fund’s contention for Z[...]’s age of dependency to end at 18 portended the result of the Fund unwittingly arguing for a higher liability than had it agreed to being liable for Z[...]’s loss of support until age 21. # # [51]Fortuitously for the Fund, however, the following extract from the Judgment by Trengove, AJA inMarine And Trade Insurance Co Ltd v Mariamah And Another[9]underscores the argument on behalf of the Plaintiff for an assumption that support by a breadwinner for a school-going dependant would probably continue until the dependant reaches the age of 21 years: [51] Fortuitously for the Fund, however, the following extract from the Judgment by Trengove, AJA in Marine And Trade Insurance Co Ltd v Mariamah And Another [9] underscores the argument on behalf of the Plaintiff for an assumption that support by a breadwinner for a school-going dependant would probably continue until the dependant reaches the age of 21 years: # # “ …Atthetimeofthedeceased’sdeath Puniasagran was 18 years old, and Granasagran 17 years. They were still at school, the deceased was supporting them and the Court a quo was, in my view, justified in acting on the assumption that the deceased would probably have continued to support his sons until they reached the age of 21 years.” “ … At the time of the deceased’s death Puniasagran was 18 years old, and Granasagran 17 years. They were still at school, the deceased was supporting them and the Court a quo was, in my view, justified in acting on the assumption that the deceased would probably have continued to support his sons until they reached the age of 21 years.” # # [52]       Applying this principle to the common cause fact that Mr. D[...] was at the time of his death supporting Z[...] while he was still at school, the Court finds that the Fund is obligated to the Plaintiff for damages in the sum of R565 109.00 to compensate for Z[...]’s loss of Mr. D[...]’s support measured until age 21. [52]       Applying this principle to the common cause fact that Mr. D[...] was at the time of his death supporting Z[...] while he was still at school, the Court finds that the Fund is obligated to the Plaintiff for damages in the sum of R565 109.00 to compensate for Z[...]’s loss of Mr. D[...]’s support measured until age 21. # # [53]It remains to consider the best interests of Z[...] regarding the management and protection of the award for his benefit. To this end, the Court proposes that the execution of the order for the payment of damages be suspended pending the appointment of a curatoradlitemto investigate and report to the Court on the most suitable options for protection of the award in Z[...]’s best interests.[10] [53] It remains to consider the best interests of Z[...] regarding the management and protection of the award for his benefit. To this end, the Court proposes that the execution of the order for the payment of damages be suspended pending the appointment of a curator ad litem to investigate and report to the Court on the most suitable options for protection of the award in Z[...]’s best interests. [10] # # ACCORDINGLY, THE FOLLOWING IS ORDERED: ACCORDINGLY, THE FOLLOWING IS ORDERED: # (a)         The Defendant is directed to pay the Plaintiff on behalf of Z[...] N[...] M[...] R565 109.00 plus interest thereon atemporemoraat the rateof15.5% per annum calculated from 13thJune 2023 to date of payment. (a)         The Defendant is directed to pay the Plaintiff on behalf of Z[...] N[...] M[...] R565 109.00 plus interest thereon a tempore mora at the rate of 15 . 5% per annum calculated from 13 th June 2023 to date of payment. # # (b)        The Defendant is directed to pay the costs of the action (day costs limited to 2ndMarch and 3rdMarch 2023), which costs are to include the costs of Ndumiso Mavimbela of Manala Actuaries pertaining to the Actuarial Report dated 5thAugust 2022 and to the Actuarial Report dated 31stAugust 2022. (b)        The Defendant is directed to pay the costs of the action (day costs limited to 2 nd March and 3 rd March 2023), which costs are to include the costs of Ndumiso Mavimbela of Manala Actuaries pertaining to the Actuarial Report dated 5 th August 2022 and to the Actuarial Report dated 31 st August 2022. # # (c)       Execution of the order in paragraph (a) above is suspended pending the implementation of recommendations of the curatoradlitemreferred to in paragraph (d) below in a report concerning the best interests of Z[...] N[...] M[...] in respect of the need for and most suitable form of protection of the award in paragraph (a) above. (c)       Execution of the order in paragraph (a) above is suspended pending the implementation of recommendations of the curator ad litem referred to in paragraph (d) below in a report concerning the best interests of Z[...] N[...] M[...] in respect of the need for and most suitable form of protection of the award in paragraph (a) above. # # (d)       The Defendant is directed to request the Johannesburg Society of Advocates affiliated to the General Council of the Bar to nominate a member of the Johannesburg society of not less than 5 years standing for appointment as curatoradlitemas per paragraph (c) above and to deliver the society’s nomination in writing and the nominee’s consent to act as curatoradlitemto the Court (the Acting Judge’s Registrar Mr. Thapelo Senoko) within 2 Days of the Defendant’s receipt of the nominee’s consent to act. (d)       The Defendant is directed to request the Johannesburg Society of Advocates affiliated to the General Council of the Bar to nominate a member of the Johannesburg society of not less than 5 years standing for appointment as curator ad litem as per paragraph (c) above and to deliver the society’s nomination in writing and the nominee’s consent to act as curator ad litem to the Court (the Acting Judge’s Registrar Mr. Thapelo Senoko) within 2 Days of the Defendant’s receipt of the nominee’s consent to act. # # (e)        The case is postponed to 20thJune 2023 at 10h00 for appointment of the curatoradlitemin open Court in the presence of Mr. Sixhiba for the Plaintiff, Mr. Khan for the Defendant and of the nominee for appointment as curatorad litem. (e)        The case is postponed to 20 th June 2023 at 10h00 for appointment of the curator ad litem in open Court in the presence of Mr. Sixhiba for the Plaintiff, Mr. Khan for the Defendant and of the nominee for appointment as curator ad litem . # # (f)        The costs of the appointment of the curatoradlitemand of his/her report are to be paid by the Defendant. (f)        The costs of the appointment of the curator ad litem and of his/her report are to be paid by the Defendant. # # # S M KATZEW S M KATZEW Acting Judge of the High Court of South Africa Gauteng Local Division, Johannesburg 13 th June 2023 This judgment was handed down electronically to the parties ’ legal representatives by E - mail and by being uploaded to CaseLines . The date of this judgment is deemed to be 13 th June 2023 (amended retroactively on 21 st October 2024 by paragraph 1 of the Order below.). SUPPLEMENTARY JUDGMENT Summary : Practice – costs of curator bonis appointed to manage damages award to minor child – constitutes an item of damages payable by Road Accident Fund to minor child – needs to be expressed in Court Order appointing curator bonis Practice – Curator ad litem – Appointment of to investigate whether award made in favour of minor child can be managed by sole guardian mother or whether curator bonis should be appointed to manage award – Agreement by sole guardian mother that curator bonis should be appointed – Weighty but not of itself reason to impose additional costs of curator bonis on defendant Road Accident Fund – Competency of mother to manage award to be investigated and reported on to Court – Opinion of Attorney for plaintiff sole guardian mother that she not suitably qualified to manage award and that curator bonis should be appointed accepted by Court Practice – Judgment and orders - Obvious error in gender of minor child of nominal plaintiff of which Court became aware while execution of primary relief suspended pending carrying out of curator ad litem’s report – Court’s power to correct – Court has power to mero motu correct patent error under the Common Law or in terms of Uniform Rule of Court 42 – Court adopts practical approach of recalling partially suspended Judgment to remedy mistake in corrected Judgment. The inclusion of the costs of a curator bonis appointed to manage an award to a minor child against the Road Accident Fund as an item of damages payable by the Fund and the need for it to be expressed in the Order for the appointment of the curator bonis reaffirmed. It is true that an award of damages of R565 109.00 to a formally unemployed sole guardian mother on behalf of a minor child prima facie hints at the need for a curator bonis to manage the award. Held, however, that this did not dispense with the need for a curator ad litem to report to the Court on the steps taken to determine the actual need for the foisting of the additional cost of a curator bonis on the State via the Road Accident Fund and for the need for disclosure of the reasons for the opinion of the Plaintiff’s and the minor child’s Attorney that the appointment of a curator bonis is necessary. Held, further that, once furnished, the opinion of the Attorney, supported by his reasons for his opinion based on his observations of the Plaintiff mother and sole guardian of the minor child, was regarded by the Court as being sufficiently cogent to support the appointment of the curator bonis. After handing down Judgment and suspending execution of the Order for payment of damages for a minor child pending a curator ad litem’s report on whether the award required protection by a curator bonis, it became apparent that there was an error in the Judgment as to the gender of the minor child. Held, that commensurate with the appointment of the curator bonis and the lifting of the suspension of the execution of the Order for the payment of damages, the Court has the power to mero motu correct the error in the Judgment on the merits by recalling and replacing it with a retroactively dated corrected version. # [54]        Further to the contents of paragraph [53] of the Judgment above wherein the Court proposed that the execution of the order for the payment of damages be suspended pending the appointment of acurator ad litemto investigate and report to the Court on the most suitable options for protection of the award in Z[...]’s best interests, acurator ad litemwas duly appointed, who submitted a report to the Court on 13thNovember 2023. [54]        Further to the contents of paragraph [53] of the Judgment above wherein the Court proposed that the execution of the order for the payment of damages be suspended pending the appointment of a curator ad litem to investigate and report to the Court on the most suitable options for protection of the award in Z[...]’s best interests, a curator ad litem was duly appointed, who submitted a report to the Court on 13 th November 2023. # # [55]        The report was accompanied by a letter by the Master of the High Court date-stamped 8thNovember 2023, which letter was wrongly addressed by the Master to thecurator boniselect, Ewan Carter Smith, instead of to thecurator ad litem. [55]        The report was accompanied by a letter by the Master of the High Court date-stamped 8 th November 2023, which letter was wrongly addressed by the Master to the curator bonis elect, Ewan Carter Smith, instead of to the curator ad litem . # # [56]        Relying on theCurator Ad Litem’s Report, the Master in his letter endorsed the recommendation by thecurator ad litemthat acurator bonisbe appointed to protect the award to the Plaintiff on behalf of the minor child. [56]        Relying on the Curator Ad Litem ’s Report, the Master in his letter endorsed the recommendation by the curator ad litem that a curator bonis be appointed to protect the award to the Plaintiff on behalf of the minor child. # # [57]        Neither thecurator ad litemin the report dated 13thNovember 2023 nor the Master in his letter dated 8thNovember 2023 canvassed the critical issue of which party will be liable for the costs of thecurator bonis. [57]        Neither the curator ad litem in the report dated 13 th November 2023 nor the Master in his letter dated 8 th November 2023 canvassed the critical issue of which party will be liable for the costs of the curator bonis . # # [58]I drew thecurator ad litem’s attention to thislacunain the report with reference toReynecke NO v Mutual & Federal Insurance Co. Ltd[11]and Master Of The High Court v The Pretoria Society Of Advocates (1stamicuscuriae) and Others(supra) at paragraph [85], which both state that the costs of thecurator bonisare included in the damages suffered by the Plaintiff, which needs to be expressly stated in the Order of Court. [58] I drew the curator ad litem ’s attention to this lacuna in the report with reference to Reynecke NO v Mutual & Federal Insurance Co. Ltd [11] and Master Of The High Court v The Pretoria Society Of Advocates (1 st amicus curiae ) and Others ( supra ) at paragraph [85], which both state that the costs of the curator bonis are included in the damages suffered by the Plaintiff, which needs to be expressly stated in the Order of Court. # # [59]       It follows that the RAF Defendant needed to consent to the costs of thecurator bonisbeing included in the Order Of Court, which consent was duly obtained by thecuratoradlitem. [59]       It follows that the RAF Defendant needed to consent to the costs of the curator bonis being included in the Order Of Court, which consent was duly obtained by the curator ad litem . # # [60]             It was also my view that the report did not give sufficient consideration to the option of Z[...]’s mother and sole guardian, the Plaintiff F[...] M[...], managing the award on Z[...]’s behalf until majority, which is recognized as an option for protection of the award inMaster Of The High Court v The Pretoria Society Of Advocates(1stamicuscuriae)(supra) at paragraph [146]. [60]             It was also my view that the report did not give sufficient consideration to the option of Z[...]’s mother and sole guardian, the Plaintiff F[...] M[...], managing the award on Z[...]’s behalf until majority, which is recognized as an option for protection of the award in Master Of The High Court v The Pretoria Society Of Advocates (1 st amicus curiae ) ( supra ) at paragraph [146]. # # [61]             I inferred from the report of thecurator ad litemthat there are three reasons for the need to appoint acurator bonis, namely that the Plaintiff is unemployed, that the Plaintiff herself indicated a preference for appointment of acurator bonisto manage the award and that it was the opinion of the Plaintiff’s attorney, Mr Tengwa, that the appointment of acurator boniswas necessary to manage the award. [61]             I inferred from the report of the curator ad litem that there are three reasons for the need to appoint a curator bonis , namely that the Plaintiff is unemployed, that the Plaintiff herself indicated a preference for appointment of a curator bonis to manage the award and that it was the opinion of the Plaintiff’s attorney, Mr Tengwa, that the appointment of a curator bonis was necessary to manage the award. # # [62]I pointed out to thecurator ad litemin a letter that despite the expression of a preference by the sole guardian mother for the appointment of acuratorbonis,the authorities indicate that the Court needs to be satisfied as to the need for the appointment of acurator bonisbefore foisting the not inconsiderable additional cost thereof on the State in the form of the Road Accident Fund (seeEx parte Appel and Another,[12]Kedibone obo NK and Another asamicuscuriaeand related matters[13]andDube NO v Road Accident Fund[14]). [62] I pointed out to the curator ad litem in a letter that despite the expression of a preference by the sole guardian mother for the appointment of a curator bonis, the authorities indicate that the Court needs to be satisfied as to the need for the appointment of a curator bonis before foisting the not inconsiderable additional cost thereof on the State in the form of the Road Accident Fund (see Ex parte Appel and Another, [12] Kedibone obo NK and Another as amicus curiae and related matters [13] and Dube NO v Road Accident Fund [14] ). # # [63]             Further hereto, I specifically asked thecurator ad litemin the letter to request the Plaintiff’s attorney Mr. Tengwa to supply his reasons in writing for his opinion that the appointment of acurator boniswas necessary, which Mr. Tengwa complied with as follows on 25thJuly 2024: [63]             Further hereto, I specifically asked the curator ad litem in the letter to request the Plaintiff’s attorney Mr. Tengwa to supply his reasons in writing for his opinion that the appointment of a curator bonis was necessary, which Mr. Tengwa complied with as follows on 25 th July 2024: # “ We confirm that Mr Tengwa the instructing attorney in this matter support s the report of [the curator ad litem ] that funds of the minor child (Z[...]) need to be protected. It is common cause that Z[...] is a minor and therefore cannot take care of his own affairs.  At the institution of these proceedings, Z[...] was represented by his biological mother, who was later substituted by the curator ad litem … . Ms M[...], the biological mother of the minor child is a businesswoman, [and] she is not permanently employed.  As we all know … business sometimes faces financial difficulties and recession.  Therefore, it is for these reasons that we support the appointment of a curator bonis in this matter, to protect the funds of the minor child. … ” [64] I accept that Mr. Tengwa by virtue of his representation of the Plaintiff and the minor child throughout this matter is well-placed to have formed impressions of the Plaintiff to support the reasons he furnished for his opinion.  I also accept the cogency of his reasons, which assisted me in concluding that it is in the best interests of the Plaintiff and Z[...] that the curator bonis recommended by the curator ad litem be appointed to manage the award. # [65]          It became apparent to me from Mr. Tengwa’s letter containing his reasons for his opinion that Z[...] is a male, whereas in the Judgment I delivered on 13thJune 2023 I had mistakenly referred to Z[...] as a female.  In subsequent telephonic discussions I had with Mr. Tengwa, it emerged that the Court’s error was induced by statements by counsel in their heads of argument that mistakenly referred to Z[...] as a female. [65]          It became apparent to me from Mr. Tengwa’s letter containing his reasons for his opinion that Z[...] is a male, whereas in the Judgment I delivered on 13 th June 2023 I had mistakenly referred to Z[...] as a female.  In subsequent telephonic discussions I had with Mr. Tengwa, it emerged that the Court’s error was induced by statements by counsel in their heads of argument that mistakenly referred to Z[...] as a female. # # [66]Although I amfunctus officioin relation to that portion of the Judgment I delivered on 13thJune 2023, in terms of the Common Law and Rule 42, I retain the authority tomeromotucorrect patent errors of description of a party which have no impact on the reasoning or substance of the Judgment (seeI.T.C. (S.A.) Ltd. v United Tobacco Co. (South) Ltd. (2).[15]and Thompson v South African Broadcasting Corporation[16]). [66] Although I am functus officio in relation to that portion of the Judgment I delivered on 13 th June 2023, in terms of the Common Law and Rule 42, I retain the authority to mero motu correct patent errors of description of a party which have no impact on the reasoning or substance of the Judgment (see I.T.C. (S.A.) Ltd. v United Tobacco Co. (South) Ltd. (2). [15] and Thompson v South African Broadcasting Corporation [16] ). # # [67]         Pursuant to this authority, I propose hereby recalling the Judgment I delivered on 13thJune 2023 and replacing it with a corrected version reflecting the minor child Z[...] as a male. [67]         Pursuant to this authority, I propose hereby recalling the Judgment I delivered on 13 th June 2023 and replacing it with a corrected version reflecting the minor child Z[...] as a male. # # [68]         Thecuratoradlitemprovided a consent by Mr. Ewan Carter Smith to act ascuratorbonisto Z[...] and an exhaustivecurriculumvitaefrom Mr. Smith which points to him being suitably qualified to take up the appointment. Thecuratoradlitemconveyed to me Mr. Smith’s request that thecuratoradlitemrecommend that he be required to furnish security to the satisfaction of the Master. [68]         The curator ad litem provided a consent by Mr. Ewan Carter Smith to act as curator bonis to Z[...] and an exhaustive curriculum vitae from Mr. Smith which points to him being suitably qualified to take up the appointment. The curator ad litem conveyed to me Mr. Smith’s request that the curator ad litem recommend that he be required to furnish security to the satisfaction of the Master. # # [69]         Finally, I point out that I have already ordered that the costs of thecurator ad litem,including the costs of theCuratorAdLitem’sReport, are to be paid by the Defendant in paragraph (f) of the Order made on 13thJune 2023. [69]         Finally, I point out that I have already ordered that the costs of the curator ad litem, including the costs of the Curator Ad Litem’s Report, are to be paid by the Defendant in paragraph (f) of the Order made on 13 th June 2023. # # WHEREFORE the following is ordered: WHEREFORE the following is ordered: # 1.           The Judgment dated 13thJune 2023 is hereby recalled and replaced by an amended version herewith reflecting the minor child Z[...] M[...](‘theminorchild’)as a male. 1.           The Judgment dated 13 th June 2023 is hereby recalled and replaced by an amended version herewith reflecting the minor child Z[...] M[...] (‘the minor child’) as a male. # # 2.          The suspension of execution in paragraph (c)  of the Order is lifted. 2.          The suspension of execution in paragraph (c)  of the Order is lifted. # # 3.            Ewan Carter Smith (“the curator bonis”) is hereby appointedcurator bonisto the minor child with the following powers: 3.            Ewan Carter Smith (“ the curator bonis” ) is hereby appointed curator bonis to the minor child with the following powers: # # 3.1           to receive, take care of, control and administer all the property constituting the estate of the minor child; 3.1           to receive, take care of, control and administer all the property constituting the estate of the minor child; # # 3.2           to institute any proceedings that may be necessary in the interests of the minor child or for the due and proper administration of the minor child’s property; 3.2           to institute any proceedings that may be necessary in the interests of the minor child or for the due and proper administration of the minor child’s property; # # 3.3          to invest and re-invest monies for the minor child that may be available for investment and which are not immediately required for the purposes referred to in section 82(c) of the Administration of Estates Act 66 of 1965, it being specifically directed that the monies to be received by thecurator bonisare not to be paid into the Guardian’s Fund; 3.3          to invest and re-invest monies for the minor child that may be available for investment and which are not immediately required for the purposes referred to in section 82(c) of the Administration of Estates Act 66 of 1965, it being specifically directed that the monies to be received by the curator bonis are not to be paid into the Guardian’s Fund; # # 3.4          to raise money by way of mortgage or pledge of any of the property of the minor child for the payment of the minor child’s debts or the payment of any debt or expenditure incurred or to be incurred for the minor child’s maintenance or otherwise for the minor child’s benefit or for the improvement or maintenance of any of the minor child’s property; 3.4          to raise money by way of mortgage or pledge of any of the property of the minor child for the payment of the minor child’s debts or the payment of any debt or expenditure incurred or to be incurred for the minor child’s maintenance or otherwise for the minor child’s benefit or for the improvement or maintenance of any of the minor child’s property; # # 3.5           to let, exchange, partition, alienate and for any lawful purpose to mortgage or pledge any property belonging to the minor child, or in which the minor child may be interested; 3.5           to let, exchange, partition, alienate and for any lawful purpose to mortgage or pledge any property belonging to the minor child, or in which the minor child may be interested; # # 3.6           to acquire, whether by purchase or otherwise, any property, whether movable or immovable, for the benefit of the minor child; 3.6           to acquire, whether by purchase or otherwise, any property, whether movable or immovable, for the benefit of the minor child; # # 3.7           to exercise any power or give any consent required for the exercise of any power where such power is for the benefit or in the beneficial interest of the minor child; 3.7           to exercise any power or give any consent required for the exercise of any power where such power is for the benefit or in the beneficial interest of the minor child; # # 3.8          to apply any money for or towards the maintenance of or to the benefit of the minor child; 3.8          to apply any money for or towards the maintenance of or to the benefit of the minor child; # # 3.9           to expend money on the improvement of any property of the minor child by way of building or otherwise; 3.9           to expend money on the improvement of any property of the minor child by way of building or otherwise; # # 3.10        to perform any contract relating to the property of the minor child and enter into any contract necessary on behalf of the minor child. 3.10        to perform any contract relating to the property of the minor child and enter into any contract necessary on behalf of the minor child. # # 4.          The powers conferred upon thecurator bonisset out in sub-paragraphs 3.1 to 3.10 above shall be exercised subject to the control and supervision of the Master. 4.          The powers conferred upon the curator bonis set out in sub-paragraphs 3.1 to 3.10 above shall be exercised subject to the control and supervision of the Master. # # 5.           Thecurator bonisis to furnish security to the satisfaction of the Master, the cost whereof is to be reimbursed by the Defendant on demand. 5.           The curator bonis is to furnish security to the satisfaction of the Master, the cost whereof is to be reimbursed by the Defendant on demand. # # 6.           The Defendant is to pay all costs associated with the appointment of thecurator bonisand all future administration fees, costs and disbursements including but not limited to thecurator bonis’ fees according to tariff and direct disbursements related to the Administration of the Curatorship Account as set out in section 84(1)(b) of the Administration of Estates Act 66 of 1965 read together with Regulation 8 thereto and such additional disbursements as may be approved by the Master of the High Court. 6.           The Defendant is to pay all costs associated with the appointment of the curator bonis and all future administration fees, costs and disbursements including but not limited to the curator bonis ’ fees according to tariff and direct disbursements related to the Administration of the Curatorship Account as set out in section 84(1)(b) of the Administration of Estates Act 66 of 1965 read together with Regulation 8 thereto and such additional disbursements as may be approved by the Master of the High Court. # # 7.          The Defendant is ordered to pay all annual renewal costs for the retention of the security to be furnished by thecuratorbonisto the Master. 7.          The Defendant is ordered to pay all annual renewal costs for the retention of the security to be furnished by the curator bonis to the Master. # # # S M KATZEW S M KATZEW Acting Judge of the High Court of South Africa Gauteng Local Division, Johannesburg 21 st October 2024 This supplementary judgment was handed down electronically to the parties’ legal representatives by E-mail and by being uploaded to CaseLines. The date of this judgment is deemed to be 21 st October 2024. APPEARANCES : For Plaintiff: Adv. S. Sixhiba Instructed by: Tengwa Attorneys, Cnr Commissioner & Von Weilligh Streets, Klamson Towers, 2 nd floor, Suite 209, Marshalltown, Johannesburg For Defendant: Mr. M. Khan Instructed by: State Attorney Dates of hearing: From 20 th June 2023 to 29 th July 2024 Date of Judgment: 21 st October 2024 [1] The Road Accident Fund v Taylor and other matters (1136-1140/2021) [2023] ZASCA 64 (8 May 2023) at paragraphs [40] and [41] [2] See Evins v Shield Insurance Co Ltd 1980 (2) SA 814 (AD) at 838A-B [3] RAF v Monani 2009 (4) SA 327 (SCA) at 329G-H [4] See JOINT PRACTICE NOTE FOR TRIAL ON THE 28 FEBRUARY 2023 second page last paragraph and undated DEFENDANT’S’ HEADS OF ARGUMENT paragraph 1.2 [5] See Sterling Consumer Products (Pty) Ltd v Cohen and other related cases [2000] 4 All SA 221 (W) at paragraph [11] [6] Santam Bpk v Henery 1999 (3) SA 421 (SCA) [7] Lambrakis v Santam Ltd 2002 (3) SA 710 (SCA) [8] Reay and another v Netcare (Pty) Ltd t/a Umhlanga Hospital and others [2016] 4 All SA 195 (KZP) at 203d-e [9] Marine And Trade Insurance Co Ltd v Mariamah And Another 1978 (3) SA 480 (AD) at 489B [10] See Master Of The High Court v The Pretoria Society Of Advocates (1 st amicus curiae) and Others Case 35182/2016 – delivered 20 th May 2022 at paragraph 147 [11] 1992 (2) SA 417 (T) at 419H-420J [12] 2002 (5) SA 125 (C) at 129G-H [13] [2021] 3 All SA 544 (GJ) at paragraphs [138], [139] and [140] [14] 2014 (1) SA 577 (GSJ) at paragraphs [19] – [21] [15] 1955 (2) SA 29 (W) at 31E-F [16] [2000] ZASCA 76 ; 2001 (3) SA 746 (SCA) at 748H-749D sino noindex make_database footer start